Issues related: Translation proper involves not just a transfer of information between two languages, but a transfer from one culture to another.
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Define: cultural transposition
Any degree of departure from a purely literal translation needed to transfer the content of an ST into the context of a target culture
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Define: Transliteration
conversional conventions are used to alter the phonic/graphic shape of the ST name bringing it more in line with TL patterns of pronunciation and spelling.
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Define Calque
Structure of the TL name imitates that of the SL name, but grammatical slots in it are filled with TL units translating the individual meaningful units of SL
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Define: Cultural transplantation
SL names are replaced by indigenous TL names that are not their referential equivalents but have similar cultural connotations.
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Define: Cultural borrowing:
Transfering a ST expression verbatim into the TT.
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What does compensation mean in the context of translation?
Techniques of making up for the loss of important ST features through replicating ST effects approximately in the TT by means other than those used in the ST.
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Name the TYPES OF COMPENSATION
In kind, Compensation in place, Compensation by merging, Compensation by splitting
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Define: Compensation in kind
This refers to making up for one type of textual effect in the ST by another type in the TT.
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Define: Compensation in place
making up for the loss of a particular effect found at a given place in the ST by creating a corresponding effect at an earlier or later place in the TT
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Define: Compensation by merging
to condense ST features carried over a relatively long stretch of text into a relatively short stretch of the TT
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Give an example of Compensation by splitting
A simple example is furnished by the Spanish verb ‘escasear’, which, for literal exactitude, has to be translated as ‘to be in short supply’.
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Name The formal properties of texts relevant in translation
PHONIC/GRAPHIC LEVEL, and THE PROSODIC LEVEL
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Define phonic/graphic level
Sequence of sound segments (phonemes) if it is an oral text, or as a sequence of letters (graphemes) if it is a written one.
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What is the prosodic level?
Utterances count as ‘metrically’ structured stretches, within which syllables have varying degrees of prominence
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Difference between Spanish and English prosodic level?
Whereas a line of modern Spanish verse is defined in terms of a syllable count,
lines in English verse are conventionally defined in terms of feet.
