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What are the two types of speech codes according to Bernstein?
Restricted and elaborated
What is restricted code and who is it used by?
Limited vocab, restricted grammar, simple sentences, working class
According to Douglas, what are working-class parents attitude to education?
Less ambitious, less encouragement, less interest, not aware of pupils progress
What is a subculture?
A group whose attitudes and values differ from mainstream values
Name TW0 of Sugarman's’ working class barriers to educational success:
Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present-time orientation
Name a compensatory education programme:
Operation head start in US, sesame street, sure start
How do Blackstone and Mortimore critisise the idea that working class parents do not care about education
They work longer hours, put off by middle class atmosphere, lack of knowledge
How may a working class student be materially deprived
Housing, diet/health, finances, cost of education, fear of debt
What is cultural capital?
Knowledge, attitudes, values, languages, tastes and abilities of the middle class
Callendar and Jackson found what about w/c attitude to uni?
Debt averse - saw it as negative and something to avoid
What are two ways in which middle class parents able to socialise their children more positivley towards education (Feinstein)
parenting style, educational behaviours, use of income, parents own education
What are the 4 key beliefs identified by sugarman?
fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation
What did Howard identify about w/c students?
were nutritionally deprived
example of how the 3 types of capitals can be converted into one another?
cultural e.g. visiting museums = education - doing better in school = economic - higher paid jobs
who proposed the myth of cultural deprivation?
Keddie
how can cold or damp conditions affect w/c underachievement?
can lead to ill health = absences = missed work
