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1. What is meant by the general (nonspecific) action of chemical factors?
Effects that do not depend on the chemical’s structure but occur due to basic physiological disturbances such as CNS depression, irritation, or hypoxia.
2. What is meant by specific action of chemical factors?
Targeted and predictable effects on certain organs or systems due to the chemical’s structure and metabolism.
3. Give two examples of chemicals that cause narcotic (CNS depressant) effects.
Benzene and toluene.
4. Which chemicals commonly cause asphyxiant effects?
Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
5. Name three irritant chemicals that affect the respiratory tract.
Chlorine, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid vapors.
6. Which chemical is known for causing allergic (sensitizing) reactions?
Formaldehyde.
7. What is hepatotoxicity?
Damage to the liver caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol.
8. Which chemicals cause nephrotoxic effects on the kidneys?
Mercury, cadmium, and lead salts.
9. What type of specific action is caused by organophosphorus pesticides?
Neurotoxic action (affects the nervous system).
10. Which chemical factor is strongly associated with hematotoxicity?
Benzene (causes bone marrow suppression).
11. Name one carcinogenic chemical.
Benzopyrene (also asbestos and nitrosamines).
12. What is teratogenic action?
Effects that harm the developing embryo or fetus. Example: thalidomide.
13. What is the main principle of colorimetric indicator tubes in rapid air analysis?
Air is passed through a reagent-filled tube; the length or intensity of color change shows chemical concentration.
14. Name two gases detected using portable gas analyzers.
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon monoxide (CO).
15. Which rapid method uses a portable photometer?
Photometric or spectrophotometric rapid tests.
16. Name two chemicals detected using test strips (chemical paper indicators).
Chlorine and ammonia.
