9. What type of specific action is caused by organophosphorus pesticides?
Neurotoxic action (affects the nervous system).
13. What is the main principle of colorimetric indicator tubes in rapid air analysis?
Air is passed through a reagent-filled tube; the length or intensity of color change shows chemical concentration.
18. Give two examples of engineering measures to reduce exposure to chemicals at work.
Local exhaust ventilation and sealed (hermetic) equipment.
8. Which chemicals cause nephrotoxic effects on the kidneys?
Mercury, cadmium, and lead salts.
10. Which chemical factor is strongly associated with hematotoxicity?
Benzene (causes bone marrow suppression).
14. Name two gases detected using portable gas analyzers.
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon monoxide (CO).
15. Which rapid method uses a portable photometer?
Photometric or spectrophotometric rapid tests.
7. What is hepatotoxicity?
Damage to the liver caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol.
5. Name three irritant chemicals that affect the respiratory tract.
Chlorine, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid vapors.
1. What is meant by the general (nonspecific) action of chemical factors?
Effects that do not depend on the chemical’s structure but occur due to basic physiological disturbances such as CNS depression, irritation, or hypoxia.
11. Name one carcinogenic chemical.
Benzopyrene (also asbestos and nitrosamines).
2. What is meant by specific action of chemical factors?
Targeted and predictable effects on certain organs or systems due to the chemical’s structure and metabolism.
19. What is the purpose of personal protective equipment (PPE)?
To protect workers from chemical exposure (e.g., respirators, gloves, face shields).
17. What industries commonly use flame ionization detectors (FID)?
Petrochemical and oil industries to detect hydrocarbon vapors.
3. Give two examples of chemicals that cause narcotic (CNS depressant) effects.
Benzene and toluene.
4. Which chemicals commonly cause asphyxiant effects?
Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
20. What medical measures help in preventing chemical intoxication at enterprises?
Pre-employment and periodic medical check-ups, biological monitoring, and availability of first aid/antidotes.
12. What is teratogenic action?
Effects that harm the developing embryo or fetus. Example: thalidomide.
16. Name two chemicals detected using test strips (chemical paper indicators).
Chlorine and ammonia.
6. Which chemical is known for causing allergic (sensitizing) reactions?
Formaldehyde.
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