8. Which chemicals cause nephrotoxic effects on the kidneys?
Mercury, cadmium, and lead salts.
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1. What is meant by the general (nonspecific) action of chemical factors?
Effects that do not depend on the chemical’s structure but occur due to basic physiological disturbances such as CNS depression, irritation, or hypoxia.
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15. Which rapid method uses a portable photometer?
Photometric or spectrophotometric rapid tests.
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17. What industries commonly use flame ionization detectors (FID)?
Petrochemical and oil industries to detect hydrocarbon vapors.
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5. Name three irritant chemicals that affect the respiratory tract.
Chlorine, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid vapors.
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19. What is the purpose of personal protective equipment (PPE)?
To protect workers from chemical exposure (e.g., respirators, gloves, face shields).
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2. What is meant by specific action of chemical factors?
Targeted and predictable effects on certain organs or systems due to the chemical’s structure and metabolism.
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banana
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shark
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lifesaver
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18. Give two examples of engineering measures to reduce exposure to chemicals at work.
Local exhaust ventilation and sealed (hermetic) equipment.
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boom
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gift
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lifesaver
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14. Name two gases detected using portable gas analyzers.
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon monoxide (CO).
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9. What type of specific action is caused by organophosphorus pesticides?
Neurotoxic action (affects the nervous system).
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10. Which chemical factor is strongly associated with hematotoxicity?
Benzene (causes bone marrow suppression).
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fairy
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baam
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7. What is hepatotoxicity?
Damage to the liver caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol.
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20. What medical measures help in preventing chemical intoxication at enterprises?
Pre-employment and periodic medical check-ups, biological monitoring, and availability of first aid/antidotes.
