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20. What medical measures help in preventing chemical intoxication at enterprises?

Pre-employment and periodic medical check-ups, biological monitoring, and availability of first aid/antidotes.

19. What is the purpose of personal protective equipment (PPE)?

To protect workers from chemical exposure (e.g., respirators, gloves, face shields).

18. Give two examples of engineering measures to reduce exposure to chemicals at work.

Local exhaust ventilation and sealed (hermetic) equipment.

17. What industries commonly use flame ionization detectors (FID)?

Petrochemical and oil industries to detect hydrocarbon vapors.

16. Name two chemicals detected using test strips (chemical paper indicators).

Chlorine and ammonia.

15. Which rapid method uses a portable photometer?

Photometric or spectrophotometric rapid tests.

14. Name two gases detected using portable gas analyzers.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon monoxide (CO).

13. What is the main principle of colorimetric indicator tubes in rapid air analysis?

Air is passed through a reagent-filled tube; the length or intensity of color change shows chemical concentration.

12. What is teratogenic action?

Effects that harm the developing embryo or fetus. Example: thalidomide.

11. Name one carcinogenic chemical.

Benzopyrene (also asbestos and nitrosamines).

10. Which chemical factor is strongly associated with hematotoxicity?

Benzene (causes bone marrow suppression).

9. What type of specific action is caused by organophosphorus pesticides?

Neurotoxic action (affects the nervous system).

8. Which chemicals cause nephrotoxic effects on the kidneys?

Mercury, cadmium, and lead salts.

7. What is hepatotoxicity?

Damage to the liver caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol.

6. Which chemical is known for causing allergic (sensitizing) reactions?

Formaldehyde.

5. Name three irritant chemicals that affect the respiratory tract.

Chlorine, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid vapors.

4. Which chemicals commonly cause asphyxiant effects?

Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).

3. Give two examples of chemicals that cause narcotic (CNS depressant) effects.

Benzene and toluene.

2. What is meant by specific action of chemical factors?

Targeted and predictable effects on certain organs or systems due to the chemical’s structure and metabolism.

1. What is meant by the general (nonspecific) action of chemical factors?

Effects that do not depend on the chemical’s structure but occur due to basic physiological disturbances such as CNS depression, irritation, or hypoxia.