T or F?: Lack of dopamine would cause damage to the basal ganglia with excessive excitation, resulting in muscle rigidity, gait disturbance, and difficulty initiating movements.
True
Patients with ___ dysarthria may demonstrate reduced/absent oral reflexes compared to patients with ___ dysarthria.
Flaccid; spastic
Phonation may have a ____ quality in spastic dysarthria and a ___quality in flaccid dysarthria?
strained-strangled; breathy
breathy; strained-strangled
What neural components are associated with motor programming?
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor and motor association areas
A single stroke can cause spastic dysarthria only when it occurs in _____.
The Brainstem
Which is NOT an evaluation task commonly used in evoking speech chracteristics most associated with dysarthria in motor speech eval?
AMR tasks
SMR tasks
Conversational speech & reading
Vowel prolongations
Which cranial nerve has 3 branches, each having a special importance for speech production?
CN X: Vagus
Which structure is described as "the doorway" through which subcortical systems of the nervous system communicate with the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Motor planning does NOT:
involve the insular cortex
occur before motor programming
clean Prof. Seymour's desk for her
involve the basal ganglia
Hyporeflexia is one of the confirmatory signs for ____ dysarthria.
Flaccid
T or F?: Hypernasality is often more severe in spastic dysarthria than in flaccid?
False
T or F?: Pseudobulbar affect and drooling are associated more with spastic than flaccid dysarthria.
True
The primary neuromuscular characteristic in patients with flaccid dysarthria is...
Weakness
What area of the brain coordinates voluntary movements, contracting muscles with correct force and at appropriate times?
Cerebellum
T or F?: It is believed that the initial planning of a voluntary movement is formulated primarily in the association cortices.
True
Right-sided lower facial weakness is consistent with damage to...
Left UMN
A lesion in the left primary motor area can cause:
Right lower facial weakness
What neural components are associated with motor PLANNING?
Premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, Broca's area, parietal association cortex (BA 5/7), insula
With bilateral damage, what nerve can have serious effects on articulation, as the patient may not be able to sufficiently raise the jaw to produce most consonant and vowel phonemes, particularly those requiring lip/tongue movement?
CN V: Trigeminal
Atrophy is a confirmatory sign for _____ dysarthria.
Flaccid
Which cranial nerves neurons are closely integrated with CN X?
CN XI: Accessory
The most common articulation disorder in patients with spastic dysarthria is.....
Imprecise consonants
In flaccid dysarthria, hypernasality is usually caused by damage to which CN?
CN X
T or F?: The primary motor cortex is an actual action commander.
True
Slowness of speech is most common with what type of dysarthria?
Spastic
It is believed that the _____ has an important role on refining slow/continuous movements whereas the ____ is important for rapid movements and coordinating timing of the movements.
cerebellum; basal ganglia
Vermiglio; Chermak
basal ganglia; cerebellum
Brainstem; cerebellum
Higher cognitive activities, such as language, motor planning, problem solving, and sensory perception are performed in the:
Kyle's Closet
Brainstem
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
The difference between the hypernasality noted in spastic dysarthria and flaccid dysarthria is...
Hypernasality in SPASTIC does not generally include nasal emission
T or F?: CN is considered a LMN or Final common pathway.
TRUE
Spastic dysarthria is caused by bilateral damage to ______ & ______ pathways.
Pyramidal; Extrapyramidal
What are the most prominent signs and symptoms for ataxia?
Articulation inaccuracy & scanning-like prosody
Monopitch & slow rate
Scanning-like prosody & prolonged vowels
Articulation inaccuracy & prolonged vowels
The output of the cerebellum is:
more excitatory than inhibitory
more inhibitory than excitatory
The control circuits in the basal ganglia and cerebellum link the association cortex with the ____ ____ _____.
Primary Motor Cortex
Which structure is NOT part of the control circuit?
Bolus
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Cerebellum
The most prevalent speech error in ataxic dysarthria is:
Slowed rate
Monopitch
Imprecise consonant production
Breathy vocal quality
Flaccid dysarthria affects the muscles of...?
Respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody, and resonance
Spastic dysarthria is due to what type of damage?
Bilateral UMN
The spinal nerves play an important role in speech production because they provide motor innervations for the muscles of _____.
Respiration
Of the 5 components of speech, ____ is the LEAST compromised with the presence of spastic dysarthria.
Respiration
Prosody
Phonation
Articulation