Linguistics II

The common ground that is assumed to exist between language users such as assumed knowledge of a situation and/or of the world.

A stretch of language complete in itself and of some considerable extent, dependent on its use in an appropriate context

The process of activation of a text by relating it to a context of use

What people ‘know about what they can see around them’

We should make our contribution relevant to the interaction, or we should indicate in what way it is not.

The study of formal meanings, independent of context

The study of language in relation to its social context

What people ‘know about what they have been saying’

We should aim to make our conversational contribution ‘such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction’ of the exchange in which we are engaged.

We should be clear in what we say, we should avoid ambiguity or obscurity and we should be brief and orderly in our contribution to the interaction.

The connection between a text and other texts taken as basic to the creation or interpretation of the text

The meaning of language when it is used in an appropriate context to achieve particular aims

The intended meaning which ‘is generated intentionally by the speaker and may (or may not) be understood by the hearer’

The literal meaning of the actual words (such as ‘It’s hot in here’ referring to the temperature).

The communication must be carried out by the right person, in the right place, at the right time and, normally, with a certain intention or it will not ‘work’. What's the concept? Whose?

What people ‘know about each other and the world’

People should only say what they believe to be true and what they have evidence for

The effect an utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person

The speaker’s intention in uttering the words.

We should make our contribution as informative as is required for the particular purpose and not make it more informative than is required.