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participle clauses

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  • As I did not receive an answer, I wrote again.
    Not recieving an answer, I wrote again.
  • Though I live near his house, I seldom see him.
    Living near his house, I seldom see him.
  • If the weather permits, we will go surfing.
    Weather permitting, we will go surfing.
  • As it was sunny, we went on a picnic.
    It being sunny, we went on a pinic.
  • As I had been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.→
    Having been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.
  • (pack) her things, she thought about the last two years. (WHILEを使って)
    While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.
  • Waiting for the doctor,(a  the alarm went off  b Dave read a magazine  c a big noise scared everybody). (a, b, cより選ぶ)
    Waiting for the doctor, Dave read a magazine.
  • a) Having persuaded b) Persuaded c) Persuading y their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
    Persuaded by their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
  • Because he didn't study hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.→
    Not having studied hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.
  • Because I was very tired, I went to bed early.
    Being very tired, I wen to bed early.
  • (read) the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. (  IN SPITE OFを使って)
    In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.
  • If you turn to the left, you will find the building.
    Turning to the left, you will find the building.
  • Since he had never been there before, he was stunned. →
    Not having been there before, he was stunned.
  • (Spend) his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
    Having spent his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
  • When she saw me, she smiled.
    Seeing me, she smiled.
  • (arrive) at the hotel, he went to get changed. (ONを使って)
    On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
  • As I have finished my homework, I watched TV.
    Having finished my homework, I watched TV.
  • As I didn't know what to say, I kept silent.
    Not knowing what to say, I kept silent.
  • As I have never seen her before, I didn't recognize her.
    Never having seen her before, I didn't recognize her.
  • Being a ex-convict, (a they didn't give him the job  b the manager decided not to interview him  c he had no hope of finding a job)(a, b, c より選ぶ)
    Being a ex-convict,he had no hope of finding a job
  • (a Having won every major judo title   b Won every major judo title   cHe having won every major judo title) , Mark retired from international competition. (a, b, cより選ぶ)
    Having won every major judo title, Mark retired from international competition.