Because he didn't study hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.→
Not having studied hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.
As I had been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.→
Having been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.
Waiting for the doctor,（a the alarm went off b Dave read a magazine c a big noise scared everybody）. (a, b, cより選ぶ）
Waiting for the doctor, Dave read a magazine.
Being a ex-convict, （a they didn't give him the job b the manager decided not to interview him c he had no hope of finding a job）（a, b, c より選ぶ）
Being a ex-convict,he had no hope of finding a job
(Spend) his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
Having spent his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
a) Having persuaded b) Persuaded c) Persuading y their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
Persuaded by their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
(a Having won every major judo title b Won every major judo title cHe having won every major judo title) , Mark retired from international competition. (a, b, cより選ぶ）
Having won every major judo title, Mark retired from international competition.
Since he had never been there before, he was stunned. →
Not having been there before, he was stunned.
(pack) her things, she thought about the last two years. （WHILEを使って）
While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.
(arrive) at the hotel, he went to get changed. （ONを使って）
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
(read) the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. ( IN SPITE OFを使って）
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.
