Describe three causes of overfishing?
increases in fishing technology (expanded upon), factory-freezer trawlers, increase in demand due to growing population,
What does it mean to have a closed season in fishery management
no fishing is allowed during this period of time. Usually during breeding time
What does ENSO stand for?
El Nino Southern Oscillation
In a normal year which direction does the wind blow in relation to the coast of Peru? (toward/east or away/west)?
Away - westerly wind is the pervailing wind and this carries warm water away from the coast to make room for upwelling
What are restricted areas in fishery management?
areas where fishing is not allowed to that breeding can take place and stocks can recover
Describe the Peruvian current (3 facts)
it is a cold water current, it starts in Antartica, it upwells off the coast of Peru in S. America, it brings oxygen and nutrients to support a big fishery
What is a quota
Quotas are annual limits on the amount of fish that can be caught. Once the quota has been reached, further fishing is forbidden.
What two factors affect the density of water?
temperature and salinity
What happens to the surface water temperature in the Pacific ocean during an El Nino?
it warms up (~0.5 degrees) above average for three months
What is the continental shelf and why is it the most productive part of the ocean?
the area just off the coast, shallow enough to work in (oil/gas, fishing), gets nutrients from the land which support big fisheries
Explain the difference between target fish and bycatch
target fish is what you are trying to catch, bycatch is the unintended fish that is caught
Name four ways oceans are important to humans
provide food (fish, seaweed), control the weather/climate, produce most of the world's oxygen, source of wave and tidal energy
What are the two types of ocean currents?
warm and cold or deep and surface
How do cold currents effect the weather on land?
produce deserts
What is an EEZ (exclusive economic zone)
200 nautical miles from coast controlled by the nation in terms of exploitation
When does El Nino normally peak?
December
What are the single-cell algae that form the base of the food chain called?
phytoplankton
How do warm currents affect the weather on land?
cause rain
What is guano and why is it economically important to Peru?
bird poop from sea birds, it is an excellent source of fertilizer
What are three factors that affect the movement of water in ocean currents?
density of water, winds, waves, Coriolis Effect, temperature of the water upwelling/downwelling)
What is the purpose of a marine protected area
MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.