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An Introduction to Applied Linguistics | Chapter ...

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  • How do speakers negotiate and manage topics in conversation?
    By using strategies such as clarification, repetition, checking understanding, and backchannels.
  • How does pronunciation, including tone units and chunking, help speakers communicate meaning clearly?
    Tone units (chunking) act as signposts showing which words "belong together," while prominence (stress) highlights the most important information in a message
  • Why is speech not made of separate sounds?
    Because speech is a continuous stream where sounds connect, change, or disappear naturally during communication.
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  • Why is the teacher important when teaching pronunciation?
    They provide scaffolding (explicit support and manageable steps) and help students overcome the insecurity of learning a new language by ensuring early success.
  • What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
    Phonetics studies how sounds are physically produced, while phonology studies how sounds function within a language system.
  • What is 'turn-taking,' and what would happen if nobody followed the rules?
    Turn-taking controls when people speak; without it, conversations become chaotic.
  • What physical changes does a speaker make to create "prominence" on a syllable?
    Whispering the word as quietly as possible.
    Repeating the word several times in a row.
    Adding a long, silent pause right after the word.
    Changing their pitch, volume, and vowel length.
  • Why are authentic texts important in language teaching?
    To expose learners to the reality, unpredictability, and complexity of real speech, focusing on language variation and choice rather than fixed, formal rules.
  • How can a discourse-based approach be applied in classroom practice?
    Macro-level: Focuses on the text's overall purpose and structure. Micro-level: Focuses on specific conversational moves, turn-taking, and exchange structures.
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  • What are speaking and pronunciation?
    Speaking is the use of language to communicate meaning in social contexts, while pronunciation includes all the sound features used in speech.
  • What is one disadvantage of authentic texts in the classroom?
    Can be fragmented (containing hesitations and false starts) and may assume cultural or social knowledge that the learner does not yet possess.
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  • Mention two issues in speaking
    Time constraints (processing and producing language "online" simultaneously)-Relationship management (adjusting language based on social roles/listener signals)
  • What are the genres of speaking?
    Genres are staged, goal-oriented, social processes, categorized as transactional (exchanging goods/services) or interactional (maintaining social relationships)
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  • How do speakers typically signal to a listener that they are starting a brand-new topic?
    By dropping their pitch to the lowest possible level.
    By speaking in a flat, monotone voice.
    By spelling out the main word letter-by-letter.
    By jumping to a higher pitch than the previous sentence.
  • How does a speaker use their voice to show they are hesitating and willing to let someone else speak (turn-yielding)?
    By jumping to a very high, dramatic pitch.
    By clapping or using physical hand gestures.
    By lowering both their pitch and volume.
    By speaking much faster and louder.
  • What procedures are there specifically for pronunciation teaching?
    Ranges from mechanical drills (listen-and-repeat) and ear training to cognitive analysis (explaining articulation) and communication games.
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