An Introduction to Applied Linguistics | Chapter 14 | Baamboozle - Baamboozle

English 25 Public

Speaking and pronunciation

Study Slideshow

What are speaking and pronunciation?

Speaking is the use of language to communicate meaning in social contexts, while pronunciation includes all the sound features used in speech.

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Mention two issues in speaking

Time constraints (processing and producing language "online" simultaneously)-Relationship management (adjusting language based on social roles/listener signals)

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What are the genres of speaking?

Genres are staged, goal-oriented, social processes, categorized as transactional (exchanging goods/services) or interactional (maintaining social relationships)

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What is 'turn-taking,' and what would happen if nobody followed the rules?

Turn-taking controls when people speak; without it, conversations become chaotic.

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How do speakers negotiate and manage topics in conversation?

By using strategies such as clarification, repetition, checking understanding, and backchannels.

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How does pronunciation, including tone units and chunking, help speakers communicate meaning clearly?

Tone units (chunking) act as signposts showing which words "belong together," while prominence (stress) highlights the most important information in a message

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What physical changes does a speaker make to create "prominence" on a syllable?

Whispering the word as quietly as possible.

Changing their pitch, volume, and vowel length.

Adding a long, silent pause right after the word.

Repeating the word several times in a row.

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How does a speaker use their voice to show they are hesitating and willing to let someone else speak (turn-yielding)?

By clapping or using physical hand gestures.

By speaking much faster and louder.

By jumping to a very high, dramatic pitch.

By lowering both their pitch and volume.

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How do speakers typically signal to a listener that they are starting a brand-new topic?

By speaking in a flat, monotone voice.

By dropping their pitch to the lowest possible level.

By spelling out the main word letter-by-letter.

By jumping to a higher pitch than the previous sentence.

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How can a discourse-based approach be applied in classroom practice?

Macro-level: Focuses on the text's overall purpose and structure. Micro-level: Focuses on specific conversational moves, turn-taking, and exchange structures.

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What procedures are there specifically for pronunciation teaching?

Ranges from mechanical drills (listen-and-repeat) and ear training to cognitive analysis (explaining articulation) and communication games.

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Why is speech not made of separate sounds?

Because speech is a continuous stream where sounds connect, change, or disappear naturally during communication.

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What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?

Phonetics studies how sounds are physically produced, while phonology studies how sounds function within a language system.

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Why is the teacher important when teaching pronunciation?

They provide scaffolding (explicit support and manageable steps) and help students overcome the insecurity of learning a new language by ensuring early success.

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What is one disadvantage of authentic texts in the classroom?

Can be fragmented (containing hesitations and false starts) and may assume cultural or social knowledge that the learner does not yet possess.

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Why are authentic texts important in language teaching?

To expose learners to the reality, unpredictability, and complexity of real speech, focusing on language variation and choice rather than fixed, formal rules.

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