a person who comes to a country to live there permanently, having moved from their country of birth.
immigrant
the capacity to change plans, behaviors, or systems to suit new conditions or situations.
flexibility
the language a person learns from birth or during early childhood, typically spoken at home and used for primary communication.
first language
the ability to speak, read, or write a language easily, smoothly, and accurately, typically referring to a foreign language.
fluent
a large company or organization that operates, produces, or sells goods in several different countries.
multinational
the state of having power, influence, or control over others, or being more successful, important, or noticeable than anything else of the same type.
dominance
A physical location where a business operates, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel
establisment
an educational institution where students are taught academic subjects (math, science, history) in a second language rather than their native language
immersion school
to examine, review, or check something carefully.
go over
Refers to countries where English is institutionalized and holds legal/administrative importance due to historical colonial influence, acting as a second language (ESL).
outer circle
a regional or social variety of a language, defined by distinct grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation used by a specific group.
dialect
a representation, example, or design of something, often used to show structure, simulate systems, or act as an ideal to be copied.
model
is any language a person speaks or learns other than their first language ( ), or native tongue.
second language
A distinctive way of pronouncing a language associated with a specific region, social class, or individual.
accent
to formally offer or suggest a plan, idea, or person for consideration.
propose
to the quality of having many different types of things or people (diversity), or a collection of several different sorts of the same thing.
variety
to arrive, do something, or happen at the expected, correct time; not late.
punctual
to express the meaning of speech or writing in a different language
translate
metal covered in reddish-brown iron oxide (decay) or a person’s skills being diminished due to lack of recent practice.
rusty
to copy, mimic, or follow the actions, appearance, or style of a person or thing.
imitate
something authorized, approved, or sanctioned by a person or organization in a position of authority.
official
A person or community capable of using two languages, often with high fluency or near-equal proficiency
bilingual
a language given a special legal status by a government to be used for administration, education, law courts, and official documentation
official language
producing an item that is identical to an original (reproduction) or acting in imitation of someone.
copy
to an accepted norm, model, or level of quality used for comparison.
standard
relating to or encompassing the whole world (worldwide/international) or covering all parts of a situation
global
a term adopted from one language and incorporated into another, often retaining its original meaning and pronunciation.
borrowed word
the first language a person learns at home during childhood, often referred to as their native language or first language.
mother tongue
a small, exclusive group of people close to a leader or at the center of power in an organization, who often have significant influence.
inner circle
to the total stock of words known, understood, or used by a person, group, or within a specific language.
vocabulary
to search for information in a reference source (book, computer, dictionary) or to improve/get better.
look up
a high school or university student who temporarily studies at a school in a foreign country, typically for one semester or one year.
exchange student
refers to countries where English is learned as a foreign language (EFL) rather than having a historical colonial role or official status.
expanding circle
to start, create, or set up something—like a company, system, or relationship—on a firm or permanent basis.
establish
the state of being easy to understand,, plain, or free from unnecessary ornamentation and complexity.
simplicity
being made up of, composed of, or formed from specific parts.
consist
to learn casually or improve.
pick up
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