cardiovascular diseases 2025 | Baamboozle - Baamboozle

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What organ can dangerously enlarge and rupture during infectious mononucleosis?

The spleen

Name two symptoms that distinguish bubonic plague from pneumonic plague.

Bubonic: buboes, swollen nodes; Pneumonic: severe pneumonia, high fever, nearly 100% fatality

What symptom gives “undulant fever” its name?

Recurring (undulating) fever cycles, fevers typically at night, fever breaks during the night leading to night sweats, feel fine during the day, fever returns

Describe why antibiotics can worsen gram-negative septic shock.

They kill bacteria quickly, releasing large amounts of endotoxin (LPS), which intensifies inflammation and shock.

How does anthrax cause widespread tissue damage and sepsis? Name its two major exotoxins.

It uses an amino acid capsule, multiplies in macrophages, and secretes two AB exotoxins: edema toxin and lethal toxin.

What microbe causes cat-scratch disease?

Bartonella henselae

What is the main danger of congenital CMV infection?

Neurological damage or hearing loss in newborns

What are two reasons Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria?

It causes severe anemia and can block capillaries, damaging the kidneys, liver, and brain.

Anthrax has three major virulence factors. What are they, and how does “protective antigen” help the bacteria cause severe disease?

Virulence factors: amino acid capsule, edema toxin, lethal toxin Protective antigen allows toxins to enter host cells, leading to immune evasion/ tissue damage

What organism causes gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

Why is the nymph stage of the Ixodes tick the most important for Lyme disease transmission?

It feeds on small mammals (reservoirs) and is tiny/hard to notice, staying attached long enough (2–3 days) to transmit the bacteria.

What is the characteristic skin lesion seen in cutaneous anthrax?

Eschar

What type of tick transmits human granulocytic anaplasmosis?

Ixodes scapularis

How does Yersinia pestis use fleas to transmit plague?

It blocks the flea’s gut, causing the flea to regurgitate infected blood into the host.

What disease is diagnosed by detecting the EM “ring stage” in red blood cells?

Malaria

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A protozoan (Plasmodium spp.)

Explain how Francisella tularensis can cause such severe disease despite entering the body through a minor cut.

It has an extremely low ID50 (~1), grows inside phagocytes, and spreads to lymph nodes, causing ulceration and systemic infection.

Compare epidemic typhus, endemic murine typhus, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in terms of their vector and disease severity.

Epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii): body lice, severe Endemic murine typhus (R. typhi):rat fleas, mild; RMSF (R. rickettsii) dermacenter tics rash palms/soles

What insect transmits Lyme disease?

Ixodes tick

Which disease is transmitted by the “kissing bug”?

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Which viral hemorrhagic fever has a reservoir in African fruit bats?

Ebola virus