The two strands of DNA are held together by which kind of bonds?
Peptide
Strong chemical
Hydrogen
Phosphate
The genetic material in human mitochondria is arranged as:
Circular plasmids
Circular chromosomes
Linear plasmids
Linear chromosomes
Which type of RNA carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?
tRNA
mRNA
zRNA
rRNA
Which type of chromosome structure mutation is important for evolution?
Deletion
Duplication
Translocation
Inversion
What parts are removed from the primary transcript when producing the mature RNA transcript?
Exons
Bases
Coding regions
Introns
PCR is a technique used for what?
The amplification of DNA in limbo
The amplification of DNA in vivo
The amplification of DNA in livin la vida loca
The amplification of DNA in vitro
The study of evolutionary relatedness is known as what?
Speciation
Phylogenetics
Bioinformatics
Pharmacogenetics
Name the trio who won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of DNA's structure.
Diamond, Yauch and Horowitz
Watson, Crick and Wilkins
Rowland, Knowles and Williams
Best, Law and Charlton
Normal DNA - ATTTTTTACG. Mutated DNA - ATTTATTTACG. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Insertion
Inversion
Deletion
Substitution
When part of a chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome it is known as what?
Translocation
Inversion
Deletion
Duplication
Natural selection of human babies of medium rather than low or high mass is an example of?
Stabilising selection
Disruptive selection
Sexual selection
Directional selection
During PCR, which of the following occurs at the highest temperature?
Ligase joins DNA fragments
Primers bind
Strands separated
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
Which of the following is the correct order of evolution?
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > land plants > animals
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
cells > prokaryotes > animals > eukaryotes > land plants
prokaryotes > cells > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
Substitution, insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence is known as:
Polyploidy
Chromosome structure mutation
Translocation mutation
Single gene mutation
Which of the following is a potential downside to stem cell research?
They can be used to investigate how cells become specialised
They can be used to repair damaged or diseased organs
They can be used as model cells
There are ethical issues surrounding their use
Which of the following are required in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
DNA polymerase, template strand and primers
RNA polymerase, ligase and primers
RNA polymerase, template strand and primers
DNA polymerase, template strand and ligase
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
Adenine to Uracil, Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Guanine, Cytosine to Thymine
Adenine to Cytosine, Thymine to Guanine
What stage of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?
Transcription
Cutting and combining
Formation of the final 3D protein shape
Translation
Why can both strands of DNA not be replicated continuously?
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 3’ to 5’ direction
The DNA polymerase can only act on one strand at a time
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 5’ to 3’ direction
There is not enough space for both strands to be copied
What is the name for the basic units which make up strands of DNA?
Phosphates
Nucleotides
Sugars
Bases
What kind of bonds form between adjacent amino acids in protein synthesis at the ribosome?
Peptide
Strong chemical
Disulphide bridges
Hydrogen
1000 DNA fragments are present at the start of a 5 min PCR cycle. How many after 20 min?
4000
16000
32000
8000
What kind of cells are found in animals and produce specialised cells of one or more types?
Differentiation cells
Stem cells
Haploid
Meristems
Normal DNA - ATCCCCCTACC. Mutated DNA - ATCCACCTACC. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Inversion
Deletion
Insertion
Substitution
Which of these enzymes is required for DNA replication?
Ligase
Amylase
Restriction endonuclease
Dehydrogenase