The genetic material in human mitochondria is arranged as:
Linear chromosomes
Circular chromosomes
Linear plasmids
Circular plasmids
Which of the following are required in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
RNA polymerase, template strand and primers
RNA polymerase, ligase and primers
DNA polymerase, template strand and ligase
DNA polymerase, template strand and primers
Normal DNA - ATTTTTTACG. Mutated DNA - ATTTATTTACG. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
Inversion
Natural selection of human babies of medium rather than low or high mass is an example of?
Disruptive selection
Directional selection
Sexual selection
Stabilising selection
During PCR, which of the following occurs at the highest temperature?
Primers bind
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
Strands separated
Ligase joins DNA fragments
PCR is a technique used for what?
The amplification of DNA in vitro
The amplification of DNA in vivo
The amplification of DNA in limbo
The amplification of DNA in livin la vida loca
Which of the following is a potential downside to stem cell research?
They can be used as model cells
There are ethical issues surrounding their use
They can be used to repair damaged or diseased organs
They can be used to investigate how cells become specialised
Which type of RNA carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?
tRNA
rRNA
zRNA
mRNA
What parts are removed from the primary transcript when producing the mature RNA transcript?
Bases
Exons
Introns
Coding regions
What kind of cells are found in animals and produce specialised cells of one or more types?
Haploid
Meristems
Differentiation cells
Stem cells
Normal DNA - ATCCCCCTACC. Mutated DNA - ATCCACCTACC. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Insertion
Inversion
Deletion
Substitution
1000 DNA fragments are present at the start of a 5 min PCR cycle. How many after 20 min?
32000
16000
4000
8000
When part of a chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome it is known as what?
Translocation
Duplication
Inversion
Deletion
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Guanine, Cytosine to Thymine
Adenine to Cytosine, Thymine to Guanine
Adenine to Uracil, Cytosine to Guanine
What kind of bonds form between adjacent amino acids in protein synthesis at the ribosome?
Peptide
Strong chemical
Disulphide bridges
Hydrogen
Substitution, insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence is known as:
Translocation mutation
Polyploidy
Chromosome structure mutation
Single gene mutation
The two strands of DNA are held together by which kind of bonds?
Strong chemical
Peptide
Phosphate
Hydrogen
What stage of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?
Cutting and combining
Formation of the final 3D protein shape
Translation
Transcription
Which of the following is the correct order of evolution?
prokaryotes > cells > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > land plants > animals
cells > prokaryotes > animals > eukaryotes > land plants
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
Which type of chromosome structure mutation is important for evolution?
Inversion
Translocation
Duplication
Deletion
Why can both strands of DNA not be replicated continuously?
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 3’ to 5’ direction
There is not enough space for both strands to be copied
The DNA polymerase can only act on one strand at a time
What is the name for the basic units which make up strands of DNA?
Bases
Sugars
Nucleotides
Phosphates
The study of evolutionary relatedness is known as what?
Bioinformatics
Pharmacogenetics
Phylogenetics
Speciation
Which of these enzymes is required for DNA replication?
Ligase
Restriction endonuclease
Amylase
Dehydrogenase
Name the trio who won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of DNA's structure.
Watson, Crick and Wilkins
Rowland, Knowles and Williams
Diamond, Yauch and Horowitz
Best, Law and Charlton