What are molecular chaperones, and what is their function in the cell?
Molecular chaperones are special proteins that assist other proteins in folding into their correct 3D shapes. They help prevent misfolding
An acid is a compound that ____________________.
Neutralizes bases by releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)
increases pH in solution
releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
The process that joins monomers to form polymers by removing water is called __________________.
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
neutralization
all of these
The most abundant inorganic compound in the human body is _________________.
water
carbon dioxide
sodium chloride
oxygen
When a protein’s hydrogen bonds are broken due to high temperature or pH changes, the process is called ___________________.
denaturation
polymerization
synthesis
deamination
Enzymes function by __________________________.
increasing the amount of activation energy
slowing down chemical reactions
becoming permanently altered in the chemical reaction
lowering the amount of activation energy
Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy and give an example of each in the human body.
PE is stored energy, such as the energy in ATP or chemical bonds in glucose. KE is energy in motion, such as muscle contraction or nerve impulses that use ATP
Describe what would happen to a chemical reaction in the body if the enzyme required for it was missing.
The reaction would occur much more slowly or may not occur at all under normal physiological conditions.
Which statement about lipids is TRUE?
They are the body’s main immediate energy source.
They are all polar molecules.
They are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids.
They are composed of repeating amino acid units.
Explain what would happen to a protein’s function if it would be subjected to high fever or extreme pH.
protein could become denatured due to high temp
Glycogen is primarily stored in which two organs?
liver and skeletal muscle
stomach and pancreas
brain and kidneys
heart and lungs
Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _________________.
neutrons
electrons
protons
all of these
Name the basic monomer of lipids.
fatty acids and glycerol
Which type of reaction results in the formation of larger molecules from smaller building blocks?
Decomposition reaction
Synthesis reaction
Oxidation reaction
Exchange reaction
Which lipid molecule acts as a chemical messenger in the body?
Triglyceride
Steroid
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?
occurs only in the absence of oxygen
releases energy
absorbs energy
requires enzymes to occur
Which type of lipid is most important in cell membrane structure?
triglyceride
phospholipid
wax
steroid
The process that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water is called ____________.
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
all of these
neutralization
In a chemical equation, the substances on the left side of the arrow are the:
catalysts
products
enzymes
reactants
The process of hydrolysis is important in metabolism because it _________________________________.
joins monomers together
converts ATP into ADP and phosphate
removes water to form bonds
breaks down polymers into smaller units
Describe the significance of water being the universal solvent in the human body.
Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, including salts, sugars, enables nutrient transport, waste removal, chemical rxns occur
Explain the significance of water’s high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization in maintaining homeostasis.
helps the body resist sudden temperature changes, keeping cells and tissues stable. high heat of vapor. allows the body to cool when sweating
Why is it important that some radioisotopes used in diagnostic imaging have short half-lives?
Short half-lives are important because the radioisotopes decay quickly, minimizing radiation exposure to the patient while still providing enough time to produc
Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
electron
proton
neutron
When a protein is denatured, it _______________________.
maintains its function
forms peptide bonds
becomes more reactive
loses shape and function
The term polar molecule refers to ________________________________________.
A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge
A molecule held together by nonpolar covalent bonds
A molecule that lacks hydrogen atoms
A molecule with equal charge distribution
Which macromolecule type serves as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies?
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another?
radiant energy
chemical energy
mechanical energy
potential energy
An ionic bond is formed when ___________________.
to ions repel each other
two atoms share protons
electrons are shared between two atoms
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Enzyme activity can be affected by all of the following EXCEPT __________________________.
concentration of enzyme or substrate
DNA sequence
temperature
pH
Describe why energy conversions are considered to be “inefficient”?
Energy conversions are inefficient because some energy is always lost as heat or other unusable forms during the process.
The high heat of vaporization of water is significant because it _________________.
allows the body to cool through sweating
causes ice to sink
decreases metabolic rates
prevents hydrogen bonding
During hydrolysis reactions, _______________________________________________.
bonds are formed between monomers
energy is absorbed
water is removed to form bonds
water is added to break bonds
Which part of an amino acid gives each one its unique chemical properties?
R (side) group
Hydrogen atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Name the monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose monomers is an example of _________________.
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
reduction
oxidation
Covalent bonds are formed by ________________.
hydrogen bonding between polar molecules
the attraction between oppositely charged ions
the transfer of electrons
the sharing of electron pairs
Proteins are the most functionally diverse macromolecule group because _______________.
their structure is determined only by temperature
the sequence of 20 amino acids can form countless combos
they are nonpolar and stable
they are composed only of hydrogen and oxygen
The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids occurs through ___________________.
neutralization
dehydration synthesis
oxidation
hydrolysis
Name the monomer of proteins
amino acids
The structure of ATP is most similar to ________________.
a triglyceride
an amino acid
a monosaccharide
a nucleotide
Which of the following is an example of a medical use of radioactive isotopes?
diagnostic imaging
biological tracers
radiation therapy for cancer
all of these
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic cofactor that is part of a holoenzyme?
DNA
Zinc ion (Zn2+)
ATP
NAD+
The polarity of water contributes to all of the following EXCEPT ______________.
cohesion between molecules
formation of nonpolar covalent bonds
ability to dissolve salts
high heat capacity
Which macromolecule serves as the primary short-term energy source for most cells?
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
proteins
lipids
The primary function of carbohydrates in the human body is ________________________.
structural support
energy source
enzyme production
insulation and protection
The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is essential because ___________________________.
it forms a selective barrier due to hydrophobic/hydrophilic
it provides rigid support
it allows all substances to pass freely
it is composed entirely of carbohydrates
A substance that stabilizes pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is a(n) _______________.
acid
electrolyte
buffer
base
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element is called a(n) ________________.
proton
atom
molecule
compound
Which of the following accurately describes DNA?
Contains the sugar ribose and base uracil
Single-stranded and found mainly in the cytoplasm
Forms from the translation process
Double-stranded, stores genetic information
The apoenzyme portion of a holoenzyme _____________________.
is the non-protein cofactor required for activity
provides energy for the reaction
denatures under high temperature
the protein portion of enzyme responsible for specificity
The most important role of nucleic acids is to ____________________________.
form biological membranes
store and transmit genetic information
provide quick energy
catalyze metabolic reactions
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?
Hormone regulation
Enzymatic catalysis
Transport and movement
Energy storage
Name the monomer of nucleic acids.
nucleotides
The main energy currency of cells is _________.
ATP
Enzymes are a part of which macromolecule group?
proteins
Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?
releases energy
occurs only in the absence of oxygen
requires enzymes to occur
absorbs energy
What form of energy is found in the foods we eat?
all of these
electrical energy
chemical energy
mechanical energy
A decomposition reaction is represented as:
A + B --> AB
AB + CD --> AD + BC
AB --> A + B
AB + C --> A + BC
The most common element combinations that form organic molecules include ___________________.
C, H, O, N, P, S
Na, Cl, K, Ca
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg
P, S, I, Se
The sequence of amino acids in a protein represents its _______________________.
tertiary structure
primary structure
quaternary structure
secondary structure
Hemoglobin functions as a _______________________.
transport protein carrying oxygen
structural protein providing tensile strength
hormone regulating blood sugar
enzyme for digestion
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of _________________.
all of these
protons
neutrons
electrons
Explain why water’s cohesion is important for processes like capillary action in plants or blood flow in humans.
Cohesion allows water molecules to stick together, helping it move through narrow vessels and tubes efficiently.
Which statement about hydrogen bonds is FALSE?
They are responsible for the shape of DNA molecules.
They form between partially charged atoms.
They help water remain liquid at room temperature.
They are strong covalent bonds.
The primary role of triglycerides in the human body is to _____________.
form the protective phospholipid bilayer
provide insulation and long-term energy storage
catalyze metabolic reactions
store genetic information
Which of the following best defines an element?
A form of energy that has mass
A substance that cannot be broken down by normal means
A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances
A combination of two or more compounds
Explain why fluid and electrolyte balance is critical for human health.
Fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for maintaining normal hydration, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood pressure, and overall cellular function.
The most abundant and versatile macromolecule in the human body is ___________________________________.
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
The process of joining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide involves a(n) _______________________.
reduction reaction
dehydration synthesis reaction
hydrolysis reaction
oxidation reaction
The energy stored in ATP is located in its _______________________.
nitrogen atoms
high-energy phosphate bonds
ribose sugar
adenine base
In DNA, the complementary base to Adenine would be __________________.
Glycine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
A solution with a pH of 8 is _____________________.
a strong acid
a strong base
a weak acid
a weak base
Why are buffers critical in the human body?
Buffers are critical because they maintain a stable pH in body fluids, which is essential for enzyme function, chemical reactions, and overall cellular health.
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