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Sociological theories

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  • What do radical feminists believe in?
    That patriarchy is deeply embedded and must be overturned, sometimes by separating women from men.
  • What is the main idea of postmodernism?
    Society is changing rapidly and traditional theories can’t explain it fully.
  • What is globalisation?
    The increasing interconnectedness of the world.
  • What is the ‘dual burden’?
    When women do paid work and the majority of domestic work.
  • Give one way that gender stereotypes may be passed on.
    Primary socialisation, the media, friends, education
  • What is the ‘superstructure’?
    Institutions like education, family, and religion that support the economic base.
  • What do Marxist feminists believe?
    Women’s oppression is linked to capitalism and their role in the family.
  • What does ‘pick and mix identity’ mean?
    People create their own identities from a range of cultural choices.
  • Why do postmodernists criticise Marxism and functionalism?
    Because they see society as too diverse and fragmented for one single explanation.
  • What is patriarchy?
    A social system where men hold more power than women.
  • Who are the bourgeoisie?
    The ruling capitalist class who own the means of production.
  • What is the main idea of Marxism?
    Society is based on conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
  • What is the main idea of functionalism?
    Society works like a system where each part has a function to maintain stability.
  • What is socialisation?
    The process of learning the norms and values of society.
  • What is ‘false consciousness’?
    When the working class are unaware of their exploitation.
  • Why do functionalists see inequality as necessary?
    It motivates people to work hard and ensures the most talented fill important roles.
  • What is the difference between primary and secondary socialisation?
    Primary: early childhood, family. Secondary: later childhood, school, media, peers
  • How has globalisation affected work?
    It has created new job opportunities but also insecure and low-paid work.
  • Who are the proletariat?
    The working class who sell their labour for wages.
  • What is hyperreality?
    When media images shape our view of reality more than reality itself.
  • What is the ‘means of production’?
    Resources like land, factories, and capital used to produce goods.
  • What is meant by ‘individualisation’?
    People have more choice and freedom to shape their own lives.
  • What do feminists study in sociology?
    Gender inequality and the patriarchy.
  • What role does technology play in globalisation?
    It speeds up communication and creates a global culture.
  • What is meant by ‘social solidarity’?
    A sense of belonging and unity in society.
  • According to Marx, what will eventually happen to capitalism?
    It will collapse and be replaced by communism.
  • How has globalisation affected migration?
    More movement of people across borders has led to multicultural societies.
  • What do postmodernists say about ‘grand narratives’?
    They reject them as outdated explanations of society.
  • What is the ‘triple shift’?
    When women do paid work, domestic work, and emotional work.
  • What is ‘value consensus’?
    Agreement on shared norms and values that bind society together.
  • What do difference feminists argue?
    Women’s experiences vary depending on class, ethnicity, and sexuality.
  • What do liberal feminists believe in?
    Gradual change through laws and policies to promote equality.
  • Which sociologist is most associated with the ‘organic analogy’?
    Émile Durkheim.
  • How do postmodernists view globalisation?
    As creating more diversity and hybridity in culture.
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