Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions occurring in cells; specifically in reactions in which chemical bonds are broken and new bonds formed
Explain exocytosis
In exocytosis substances to be removed from the cell are directed to the cell membrane in a membrane-bound vesicle (by the cytoskeleton)
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Fluid refers to the ability of lipids and proteins to move sideways in the membrane. Mosaic refers to the pattern formed by the variety of integral/peripheral p
Explain the process of osmosis.
involves the movement of water across the cell membrane (through the phospholipid bilayer) passively
Explain end product inhibition
Sometimes the end product of a metabolic pathway can act upon enzymes earlier in the pathway, ultimately to inhibit their function
What is the function of the centriole?
Involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella
Explain what happens at G2 checkpoint.
DNA is checked again after replication
What is the function of the lysosome?
Involved in the breakdown of material: Non-functioning organelles Cell debris/materials engulfed (via endocytosis)
What is the function of the vacuole?
Vacuoles typically for storage of food, nutrients and waste.Vesicles filled with various contents to be transported into/out of the cell (exo/endocytosis)
Explain mitosis - each phase in detail
PMAT
what are the 4 types of cell signalling
Paracrine, Synaptic, Autocrine and endocrine signaling.
What is the name of the process of anaerobic respiration that occurs in autotrophs?
alcohol fermentation
State 2 active transport processes
Solute transport with specialised proteins, endocytosis or exocytosis
What is the name of the process of anaerobic respiration that occurs in heteroptophs?
Lactic acid fermentation
Explain what happens at G1 checkpoint
DNA is checked before replication
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller, simpler and less specialised than eukaryotic cells. They do not have membrane-bound organelles.
Explain endocytosis
endocytosis involves the transport of a substance into the cell
What is the function of the ribosome?
the site of protein synthesis
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Involved in intra-cellular transport, and is also the site of proteins synthesis (via imbedded ribosomes)
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Involved in cellular support and in the movement of organelles within the cell. Also assist in the assembly of the spindle prior to mitosis, and also in the mai
Factors affecting material exchange
Temperature, solute concentration, nature of the substance, surface area to volume ratio
How many molecules of ATP are released through aerobic respiration?
32
What type of molecules can diffuse through the membrane?
Small, uncharged molecules
As a cell increases in size, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?
it decreases. reducing its efficiency of exchange
When the internal solute concentration is higher than the external concentration, the cell is said to be
hypotonic - there will be a net movement of water into the cell
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
How many molecules of ATP are released through anaerobic respiration?
2
Explain what happens at the M checkpoint.
happens in Metaphase, checks the spindle apparatus is in place and the chromosomes are lined up correctly.
What are the 4 functions of membrane proteins
Transport, channel, receptors (integral) and enzymes (peripheral).
What is the word and chemical equation for alcohol fermentation?
PMAT 1 x 2, crossing over and independent assortment
List 3 passive processes?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis or facilitated osmosis.
Explain the process of binary fission.
1. DNA replicated, 2. DNA condensed 3. chromosomes attached to inside of membrane. 4. parent cells elongates, 5. membrane starts to pinch off, 6. 2 new cells
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Involved in the synthesis of lipids
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Involved in the formation of ribosomes (which are the site of protein synthesis)
What is the cell hierarchy?
Cells , tissues, organs, organ systems
When the concentration on either side of the membrane is the same, what is the cell said to be?
isotonic - no major net movement of water
What are carrier/transport proteins?
Specialised carrier/transport proteins imbedded within the cell membrane can be used for active transport
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the activity of the cell; regulates the transcription of genes and is involved in directing protein synthesis
What is the function of the golgi body?
Involved in the processing and packaging of molecules into vesicles for exocytosis
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