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11.5 USHG - Gilded Age & Progressive Era

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  • The Bessemer process was essential to
    Extracting coal from the West
    Producing strong, inexpensive steel
    Shipping grain by rail
    Building cotton gins in factories
  • A referendum allows citizens to
    Appoint government officials
    Vote on court decisions
    Approve or reject laws directly
    Raise their own taxes
  • Andrew Carnegie is known for his work in
    Reforming the stock market
    Steel production and philanthropy
    Railroad construction across Canada
    The oil and gas industries
  • Tenements were known for being
    Located on the outskirts of towns
    Crowded and unsanitary urban buildings
    Well-regulated by health codes
    Large family estates
  • The rise of monopolies in the Gilded Age led to
    Less competition and higher prices
    Greater product variety for consumers
    Stronger worker protections
    Fewer strikes and lockouts
  • Jane Addams is remembered for
    Creating settlement houses to aid the poor
    Defending monopolies in court
    Organizing railroad strikes
    Leading anti-immigrant protests
  • Jacob Riis’s work highlighted
    Poor conditions in city tenements
    Corruption in foreign trade
    Failures of the Reconstruction Amendments
    Racial injustice in the South
  • Workers formed labor unions to
    Buy shares in companies
    End voting restrictions
    Improve wages and working conditions
    Avoid paying income taxes
  • The 17th Amendment allowed
    Voters to elect U.S. senators directly
    Secret ballots for primaries
    Immigrants to hold office
    Federal judges to serve longer terms
  • The term “Gilded Age” refers to a period when
    Political equality increased for minorities
    Democracy expanded for all citizens
    Wealth and industrial growth masked serious social problems
    Agriculture became the leading industry
  • A major goal of the Progressive movement was to
    Expand monopolies
    Promote fairness and reduce corruption
    End federal income taxes
    Eliminate judicial review
  • The Pure Food and Drug Act aimed to
    Encourage meat exports
    Stop farmers from overplanting
    Ensure safe labeling and clean products
    Increase prescription costs
  • Most “New Immigrants” came from
    Northern Europe and Scandinavia
    Southern and Eastern Europe
    South America and Australia
    Africa and Asia
  • The Haymarket Affair caused
    Trust in labor leaders to increase
    Public fear of unions and anarchists
    Anti-trust laws to expand
    Major tariff reductions
  • Rockefeller used horizontal integration to
    Hire immigrant workers
    Control other companies in the same industry
    Promote anti-trust legislation
    Partner with labor unions
  • The 16th Amendment gave Congress the power to
    Collect income taxes
    Control state budgets
    Set interest rates
    Regulate trade
  • A major reason for industrial growth after the Civil War was
    Government takeover of businesses
    Expansion of railroads and a large labor force
    Limited access to energy resources
    Declining immigration to cities
  • The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to
    Limit the power of farmers’ cooperatives
    Encourage foreign imports
    Control state legislatures
    Reduce the influence of monopolies
  • Both the Knights of Labor and the AFL supported
    Reduced immigration
    Better pay and shorter workdays
    Government-run factories
    Business mergers
  • Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle led to
    Railroad antitrust laws
    A drop in food prices
    Passage of food safety regulations
    Growth of meat exports
  • Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” focused on
    Ending factory inspections
    Raising tariffs on imports
    Lowering property taxes
    Regulating corporations and protecting consumers
  • Political machines gained support by
    Supporting Prohibition laws
    Enforcing literacy tests
    Providing jobs and services to immigrants
    Attacking labor unions
  • The Pendleton Act helped reform
    The federal civil service system
    Immigration quotas
    Tariff rates
    Labor union elections
  • A common push factor for immigrants was
    Persecution and poverty in home countries
    American public schools
    Access to Western land
    A growing U.S. middle class
  • The Populist Party demanded reforms like
    Free coinage of silver and railroad regulation
    An end to the gold standard
    Abolition of paper currency
    Factory ownership for women
  • Muckrakers were
    Bankers who funded reforms
    Businessmen who ran monopolies
    Writers who exposed corruption and injustice
    Politicians who favored trusts
  • The Granger movement helped farmers by
    Eliminating the income tax
    Encouraging westward migration
    Fighting unfair railroad rates
    Reducing voting requirements
  • Laissez-faire capitalism is the belief that
    The economy functions best with little government
    The government should set all prices
    Unions must approve business practices
    Foreign trade should be banned
  • The 19th Amendment granted
    The banning of alcohol
    All immigrants U.S. visas
    Women the right to vote
    African Americans citizenship
  • “Robber baron” was a term used to criticize
    Civil War generals who entered politics
    Judges who ruled against big business
    Business leaders who used ruthless tactics for wealth
    Farmers who raised crop prices
  • The 18th Amendment was related to
    Reforming elections
    Prohibiting alcohol sales
    Ending child labor
    Banning immigration
  • Progressive reformers believed in
    Strengthening the spoils system
    Government action to solve social problems
    Ending all regulations
    Business control of elections
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