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Which ion plays a major role in the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
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During which phase of the action potential do cardiac muscle cells contract?
Depolarization
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What is the name of the outermost layer of the heart wall?
Epicardium
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Blood vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself?
Coronary artery
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Which heart sound ("lub-dub") corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves?
The second heart sound (S2)
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Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Right atrium
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What happens if the sinoatrial (SA) node fails to function properly?
The atrioventricular (AV) node may take over as the pacemaker
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This valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve
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Which part of the heart generates electrical impulses to initiate contraction?
SA node
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What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?
Increased stretch of cardiac muscle leads to stronger contraction
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What effect does sympathetic nervous system stimulation have on the heart?
Increases heart rate and force of contraction
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What is the function of the mitral valve?
Prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium
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What is the primary function of the right ventricle?
Pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery
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What primarily determines cardiac output (CO)?
Stroke volume and heart rate
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?
Ventricular diastole
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