Biology As/A Level Material

One of the phases of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the equator of the spindle is called _____________.

A __________ cross is a genetic cross between two individuals differing in only one characteristic.

__________ is the random process during which homologous chromosomes are shuffled and distributed into gametes during meiosis.

The process of copying the genetic information in a molecule of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA is called __________________.

In humans, oxygen is transported in the blood primarily by __________, which binds to oxygen molecules.

Water moves from the soil to the roots through the process of __________, which occurs due to differences in water potential.

The __________ is a membrane-bound organelle responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells.

During __________ division, the chromosome number is halved, leading to the formation of gametes.

The first stage of aerobic reaction at which the splitting of glucose molecules occurred is called __________.

The regulation of blood glucose levels is controlled by the hormones __________ and __________, produced by the pancreas.

The building blocks of proteins are __________, which are linked together by peptide bonds.

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane, where phospholipids form a __________, with proteins embedded within it.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the __________ of the chloroplast.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the __________ energy required for the reaction to occur.