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Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the __________ energy required for the reaction to occur.
Activation Energy
The __________ is a membrane-bound organelle responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondrion
Water moves from the soil to the roots through the process of __________, which occurs due to differences in water potential.
Osmosis
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the __________ of the chloroplast.
Thylakoid membrane
During __________ division, the chromosome number is halved, leading to the formation of gametes.
meiosis
__________ is the random process during which homologous chromosomes are shuffled and distributed into gametes during meiosis.
Crossing over
The building blocks of proteins are __________, which are linked together by peptide bonds.
amino acids
In humans, oxygen is transported in the blood primarily by __________, which binds to oxygen molecules.
haemoglobin
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane, where phospholipids form a __________, with proteins embedded within it.
bilayer
The first stage of aerobic reaction at which the splitting of glucose molecules occurred is called __________.
glycolysis
The regulation of blood glucose levels is controlled by the hormones __________ and __________, produced by the pancreas.
insulin and glucagon
A __________ cross is a genetic cross between two individuals differing in only one characteristic.
monohybrid
One of the phases of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the equator of the spindle is called _____________.
metaphase
The process of copying the genetic information in a molecule of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA is called __________________.
transcription
