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History 2B Exam Review

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  • What were the three known continents?
    Asia, Africa, and Europe
  • What was the reason for the East-West Schism?
    Constantinople became the largest Christian city (and not Rome), and conflict arose between Pope Leo IX and Michael I causing division of the church
  • What was the most popular leisure establishment in Muslim cities?
    Public baths
  • What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire AND what is it known as today?
    Constantinople, Istanbul
  • What is a harem?
    A room where women, concubines, and servants were meant to be.
  • What were the drakkars?
    Long Viking ships
  • What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
    Byzantine Empire
  • Under which emperor did the Byzantine Empire reach its maximum size?
    Justinian
  • Which country do the Vikings originate from?
    Vikings
  • What does patriarchal mean?
    Men held the power and authority.
  • What type of Byzantine artwork featured a holy figure with a halo?
    Icons
  • Who were the Berbers?
    Tribes from North Africa
  • Which wars resulted from the prohibition of religious icons in the Byzantine Empire during the 8th and 9th centuries?
    Iconoclastic Wars
  • What was the alhondiga?
    The warehouse to store, buy, and sell grain.
  • A fortified palace that soldiers protected where the governor lives (Islamic Empire)?
    Alcazaba
  • What is a design made of small coloured pieces of stone or tiles?
    Mosaic
  • Explain the rights of dhimmi.
    They were allowed to practice their faith, but they had limited rights and had to pay a yizia (special tax)
  • Who was at the bottom of the Byzantine social pyramid?
    Serfs and slaves
  • What was the souk?
    A market located in a street or square
  • Which group of people conquered half of the Byzantine Empire (Syria, Palestine, and Egypt) in the 7th century?
    Muslims
  • What restrictions did the Koran place on Muslim art?
    Prohibited the portrayal of human or holy figures
  • What was the set of laws established by Justinian?
    Codex Justinianus
  • What does polytheist mean?
    Someone who believes in many gods
  • What were the madrasas?
    The school where the Koran is taught.
  • How were people typically depicted in Byzantine art?
    Rigid, unexpressive and facing forward
  • What was the main economic activity in Byzantine cities?
    Craftwork (artisans, jewelry, fabrics, silk, tapestries)
  • What does it mean to sack?
    Invade a place, steal posessions and take people as slaves
  • What were the three groups of the Slavs?
    Southern Slavs, Western Slavs, and Eastern Slavs
  • Who expelled the Visigoths from Gaul?
    the Franks
  • How could slaves in the Islamic Empire gain their freedom?
    Convert to Islam, as Muslims couldn´t legally be slaves.
  • Who were the dhimmi?
    Jews and Christians (People of the book)
  • Explain the difference between Arab and Muslim.
    Arabs come from the Arabian Peninsula and share a common ethnic group and language. Muslims practice Islam, a religion.
  • Which language became the official language of the Byzantine Empire?
    Greek
  • What were common themes in Byzantine art?
    Religion and glorification of the emperor
  • What was the great monument of the Byzantine Empire (church)?
    Hagia Sophia Basilica
  • What were some advances the Muslims made in mathematics?
    zero, Arabic numerals, algebra
  • In what year was the fall of Constantinople/end of Byzantine Empire?
    1453
  • Which group was settled in southern Gaul until the Franks expelled them?
    Visigoths
  • Which occupied the northwest of the Iberian peninsula?
    Suebi
  • What were the latifundia?
    Large estates farmed by the Byzantines
  • Which group did the Byzantine Empire defeat on the Italian Peninsula?
    Ostrogoths
  • What was the reason for frequent revolts (rebellions against those in power) in the Byzantine Empire?
    The emperor and nobility imposed high taxes on the population, great division between landowning nobility and poor farmers
  • In what year was the fall of Rome?
    476 A.D.
  • Name two important features of Byzantine architecture.
    Domes, half-domes, pendentives, semicircular arches
  • What was another name for an emperor in the Byzantine Empire?
    Basileus
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