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APUSH Quarterly 1 Review

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  • What does the term "Columbian Exchange" refer to?
    The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
  • What impact did the Sugar Act and Stamp Act have on colonial unity?
    Sparked protests and united the colonies against British taxation without representation.
  • Why did slavery become more prominent in the southern colonies?
    Ideal conditions for cash crops like tobacco and cotton, which required intensive labor.
  • Why did early settlers establish colonies with distinct economies in the New England, Middle, and Southern regions?
    Varied climates and resources led to different economic focuses: trade in New England, farming in the Middle, and plantations in the South.
  • What was a significant effect of early canals on settlement patterns?
    Spurred growth of towns and cities along transportation routes.
  • Why was the idea of a transcontinental railroad so appealing in the mid-1800s?
    Promised faster cross-country travel, boosting trade and military mobilization.
  • How did the growth of the plantation system affect regional economies?
    Boosted the economy in the South through agriculture, reliant on enslaved labor.
  • How did American views on slavery begin to change in the late 1700s?
    Enlightenment and revolutionary ideals led some to call for abolition.
  • How did the Monroe Doctrine influence U.S. foreign policy?
    Asserted U.S. opposition to European interference in the Western Hemisphere.
  • Describe the Missouri Compromise.
    It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to balance power in Congress. Created 36 30 Parallel.
  • Describe the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the American colonies’ economy.
    Provided labor for plantations, especially in the South, supporting cash crop economies.
  • What was the significance of the Northwest Ordinance?
    Established guidelines for new states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
  • What major factors led Europeans to explore and colonize the Americas?
    Economic gain, religious freedom, and competition for global influence.
  • How did the cash crop economy shape social hierarchies in the southern colonies?
    Created a wealthy, landowning class that depended on enslaved labor and indentured servants.
  • What effect did the French and Indian War have on British-colonial relations?
    Increased British debt, leading to higher taxes on colonies, sparking resistance.
  • What is one key characteristic of the Spanish colonial social structure?
    Racial hierarchy with Spaniards at the top, followed by mixed races and Native Americans.
  • What is Manifest Destiny?
    The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across North America.
  • What role did African culture play in enslaved communities in the colonies?
    Enslaved Africans preserved and adapted traditions, creating unique cultural blends.
  • What were some goals of treaties between colonists and Native American nations?
    To reduce conflict and regulate land use between settlers and Native Americans.
  • Why did British colonists and Native Americans often come into conflict over land?
    Colonists continually pushed westward, encroaching on Native lands.
  • What were the primary motivations for French colonization in North America?
    The fur trade, spreading Christianity, and seeking alliances with Native tribes.
  • How did Moctezuma view the arrival of Cortés and his men?
    As a divine or foreign event, willing to adapt beliefs to align with Cortés’s instructions.
  • What was the main effect of the Proclamation of 1763 on colonial expansion?
    Restricted settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains.
  • Explain the impact of diseases like smallpox on Native American societies after European contact.
    Caused massive population decline, weakening Native communities and reshaping societies.
  • How did the Great Awakening influence colonial attitudes toward authority?
    Encouraged questioning traditional authority and inspired ideas of equality and individual rights.
  • How did Thomas Jefferson respond to attacks on U.S. ships by the Barbary Pirates?
    Authorized military action to protect U.S. commerce, marking early foreign intervention.
  • How did the encomienda system impact Native American populations?
    It subjected them to forced labor and contributed to population decline through harsh conditions.
  • What did the Treaty of Paris (1763) accomplish?
    Ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained territory in North America.
  • What were the primary motivations of Spanish explorers like Hernán Cortés?
    Wealth, spreading Christianity, and increasing Spain’s influence.
  • How did the construction of canals in the early 1800s affect the U.S. economy?
    Improved transportation, linking the Northeast and Midwest for faster goods movement.
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