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What major factors led Europeans to explore and colonize the Americas?
Economic gain, religious freedom, and competition for global influence.
How did the encomienda system impact Native American populations?
It subjected them to forced labor and contributed to population decline through harsh conditions.
Explain the impact of diseases like smallpox on Native American societies after European contact.
Caused massive population decline, weakening Native communities and reshaping societies.
What were the primary motivations of Spanish explorers like Hernán Cortés?
Wealth, spreading Christianity, and increasing Spain’s influence.
How did Moctezuma view the arrival of Cortés and his men?
As a divine or foreign event, willing to adapt beliefs to align with Cortés’s instructions.
What is one key characteristic of the Spanish colonial social structure?
Racial hierarchy with Spaniards at the top, followed by mixed races and Native Americans.
Why did British colonists and Native Americans often come into conflict over land?
Colonists continually pushed westward, encroaching on Native lands.
What was the main effect of the Proclamation of 1763 on colonial expansion?
Restricted settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Describe the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the American colonies’ economy.
Provided labor for plantations, especially in the South, supporting cash crop economies.
Why did slavery become more prominent in the southern colonies?
Ideal conditions for cash crops like tobacco and cotton, which required intensive labor.
What role did African culture play in enslaved communities in the colonies?
Enslaved Africans preserved and adapted traditions, creating unique cultural blends.
How did the growth of the plantation system affect regional economies?
Boosted the economy in the South through agriculture, reliant on enslaved labor.
What did the Treaty of Paris (1763) accomplish?
Ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained territory in North America.
What effect did the French and Indian War have on British-colonial relations?
Increased British debt, leading to higher taxes on colonies, sparking resistance.
How did the construction of canals in the early 1800s affect the U.S. economy?
Improved transportation, linking the Northeast and Midwest for faster goods movement.
What was a significant effect of early canals on settlement patterns?
Spurred growth of towns and cities along transportation routes.
