The ruler of the Byzatine Empire during its golden age.
What was the two-field system?
One field was planted, the other was ploughed but not planted; it was left fallow. The fields were rotated every year.
What is the estate that is owned by a lord and lived on by vassals and peasants?
Manor
What was the first mendicant order? Who founded it?
Franciscan Order, Fracis of Assisi
What is the sacred book of Islam?
Koran
What was the three-field system?
The land was divided into three parts: a spring field, an autumn field and a fallow and they were rotated every year.
What spread the disease of Black Plague?
rats, flea
What were the stages of the apprentice system?
apprentice, journeyman, master
What is the sacred place of Islam?
Kaaba Stone, Mecca
What is the first year of the Muslim calendar? What happened then?
622, Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina
Who is the Muslim god?
Allah
What is feudalism?
Feudalism was a form of society and government based on the ownership of land and relationship of lord and vassal. Feudal relation was based on granting lands.
What were craft guilds?
Artisans of the same trade who formed associations to protect their interests
What was the aim of the Crusades?
Reoccupy Jerusalem from the Muslims
Who were the Sipahi?
The cavalrymen of the Turkish army
When was the Treaty of Verdun made? What did it contain?
843, It divided the Frankish Empire into 3 parts.
What was inquisition?
Legal inspection, interrogation, tortures carried out by the Church
Who were the janissary?
footsoldiers, archers of the Turkish army
What were/are the two parts of the English parliament?
House of Lords, House of Commons
What were the 3 social groups in the Middle Ages?
Clergy, nobility, peasantry
Who were heretics?
They rejected Christian dogmas or spread teachings different from the ’official’ ones
What was the pasture ground system?
fields were cultivated until they exhausted (7-30 years) and then turned into a pasture
What are the characteristics of Gothic style?
Graceful buildings with high towers; Pointed, ribbed vaults & flying buttresses; Glass windows(rose windows); Ornament: Biblical stories; Frightening gargoyles
When did the Turks occupy Constantinople?
1453
What are the characteristics of the Romanesque style? Mention at least 2
Massive stone walls (like a fortress); Doors formed by rounded arches; Small windows like loop-holes; Painted walls
When were the Arabs defeated at Poitiers?
732
What was the difference between monastic and mendicant orders?
Monastic orders were isolated, while mendicant orders were established in towns, the had direct connection with people.
When was the split of Church? What are the names of the two Churches established at that time?
1054, Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox Church
Who defeated the Arabs at Poitiers?
Charles the Martel, the Frankish king
What did serfs owe to their landlords?
socage/corvée, proportion of the crop, gift, advice
What were the tasks of monks?
copying codexes, healing, teaching
What was an estate monarchy?
type of feudal government where the estates had a limited say in governing the country
What was the document which was signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited the power of the English king?
Magna Charta
What was the first monastic order? When was it founded?
Benedictine Order, 529
What is the place of worship for Muslim believers?
mosque
Where did monks live?
in a monastery/abbey
Who was the founder of Islam?
Muhammad
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
Faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage
What was the tithe?
Tax, 1/10 of the produce, paid to the Church
What were the 2 most important merchant guilds in the Middle Ages?
Hanseatic Trade, Levantine Trade
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