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Honors Final Practice June 2022 (Topics 1-19)

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  • How does an enzyme affect a reaction's activation energy?
    it reduces it
  • Water readily dissolves compounds that are ___.
    polar / hydrophilic
  • A scientist wants to test how the enzyme amylase functions over a range of temperatures. What is the independent variable?
    temperature
  • Which class of biomolecules are hydrophobic?
    lipids
  • What are the two types of fermentation?
    lactic acid & alcoholic
  • Which types of molecules require a channel protein to pass across the membrane by diffusion (facilitated diffusion)?
    polar/charged (small as ions, large as carbohydrates/amino acids/nucleosides)
  • Which type of biomolecule contains polymers of amino acids?
    proteins / polypeptides
  • What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
    regulate fluidity (not too solid or fluid)
  • What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
    2 ATP
  • Which part of an ATP molecule contains a high energy bond?
    the one holding the third phosphate onto the molecule
  • Which type of bond stabilizes secondary protein structure?
    hydrogen (between atoms of the backbone)
  • Which part of cellular respiration has pyruvate as a product?
    Glycolysis
  • Does fermentation require oxygen?
    no
  • Describe the pathway a hydrolytic protein will take through the endo-membrane system.
    rough ER > (vesicle) > Golgi > (vesicle) > lysosome
  • A protein has a several hydrophobic domains. Where will it be found relative to the cell membrane?
    embedded trans-membrane domains
  • Does fermentation require glucose?
    yes (glycolysis is part of fermentation)
  • Which level of protein structure is determined by the order of amino acids?
    primary
  • Which part of cellular respiration has water as a product?
    Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Which part of cellular respiration has glucose as a reactant?
    Glycolysis
  • Which types of molecules can pass through the membrane directly (simple diffusion)?
    small nonpolar
  • What is the function of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
    create semi-permeable barrier; gives fluidity
  • This is a diagram of an ester molecule being broken down with water. What type of reaction is this?
    hydrolysis
  • As cells grow larger, what happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio?
    it decreases
  • Which part of cellular respiration has carbon dioxide as a product?
    Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle
  • Which part of cellular respiration has oxygen as a reactant?
    Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Which molecule receives high-energy electrons (is reduced) during glycolysis and brings them to the ETC?
    NAD+ receives electrons ⇢ NADH
  • Which part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic - interior or exterior?
    interior
  • Name three structures that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have.
    DNA, ribosome, cell membrane, (cytoplasm)
  • The endosymbiotic theory states that which organelles were once free-living prokaryotes?
    chloroplasts and mitochondria
  • What is the function of glycoproteins attached to the cell membrane?
    cell-to-cell communication and recognition
  • An enzyme's active site has a very specific shape to fit its ___ perfectly.
    substrate
  • The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called the ___.
    activation energy
  • Location of Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle?
    matrix of mitochondria
  • Where in the cell are ribosomes made?
    nucleolus
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