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Hematology & Immune

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  • In which stage of HIV infection is the infected individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and opportunistic cancers?
    Stage 3 or the AIDS stage
  • An IV drug user recently found out that he shared needles with an HIV + individual. He went to the clinic and had a rapid test done, which was negative. What is your advice to this individual?
    Retest in 6 months, seroconversion takes a few weeks.
  • How is sickle cell crisis treated? 
    Oxygen, IV hydration, analgesia, antipyretics, Hydroxyurea- improve oxygen transport of the blood, blood transfusion.
  • A patient has spoon shaped fingernails and swollen, smooth tongue. What type of deficiency does this patient have?
    Iron deficiency anemia (koilonychias & glossitis)
  • Which type of isolation is required for an HIV + patient?
    Universal/standard precautions
  • What are possible reasons why an individual infected with HIV dies within 7 years of infection?
    Comorbidities of malnutrition, TB, or Malaria
  • What advice would you provide to a non-HIV-infected female about reducing the risk of HIV transmission from her HIV + husband?
    ART, PrEP, Condoms, yearly testing
  • By themselves, what are Descovy and Truvada used for?
    These are PrEP medications used in the prevention of HIV in high risk groups. They have been approved for daily use to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.
  • Why are routine health screens such as mammograms, colonoscopies, gynecological, dental, & eye exams important in HIV+ patient?
    These patients are more at risk of developing malignancies
  • Which sickle cell crisis is characterized by the pooling of RBCs in the spleen leading to splenic enlargement and results in anemia, hypovolemic shock, and subsequent heart failure?
    Sequestration crisis
  • What is the preferred treatment for aplastic anemia?
    Bone marrow transplantation
  • An individual who has been a vegan for the past 5 years, complains of fatigue, depression, and mental fogginess, which vitamin deficiency do you suspect?
    B 12 deficiency. Dietary sources of vitamin B12 include meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy products. It is not found in plants.
  • What are two factors that can precipitate a sickle cell crisis?
    Dehydration, cold temperatures, hypoxemia, infection, environments with low oxygen tension.
  • Which sickle cell crisis is characterized by bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of red blood cells.
    Aplastic crisis
  • What is seroconversion?
    Period when HIV antibodies rise to detectable levels in the blood
  • Which immune cell does the HIV target?
    CD4+cells
  • What is the main risk factor for ITP, HIT, Hemophilia, and DIC?
    Hemorrhage
  • Which sickle cell crisis is characterized by acute pain due to the blockage of blood vessels by sickled cells, causing ischemia and infarction of body organs?
    Vaso-occlusive crisis
  • Which anemia may occur due to bone marrow depression as a result of chemotherapy, or high dose radiation?
    Aplastic Anemia
  • Which sickle cell crisis involves increased rate of RBC destruction, leading to anemia that may also be accompanied by jaundice?
    Hemolytic crisis
  • Which deficiency is linked to the occurrence of neural tube defects and orofacial abnormalities during embryonic development?
    Folic acid deficiency. Women of childbearing years should obtain at least 400 mcg of folic acid daily during the preconception stage and during the pregnancy
  • Which vitamin aids the body to absorb iron more effectively?
    Vitamin C
  • Which two medications are used in aplastic anemia to stimulate the bone marrow to produce cells?
    Filgrastim (Neupogen®) and epoetin-alfa (Epogen®)
  • What is the difference between B12 deficiency anemia and Folic acid deficiency anemia?
    The neurological signs of Folic acid deficiency are reversible.
  • What determines if Anti Retroviral Therapy is a success or failure?
    The patient's viral load
  • Which disorders have thrombocytopenia as a complication?
    ITP, HIT, DIC, Aplastic anemia.
  • In which blood disorder is therapeutic phlebotomy recommended?
    Polycythemia Vera
  • What is the name of the test and the confirmatory test used in diagnosing HIV.
    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) & Western Blot
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