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Which immune cell does the HIV target?
CD4+cells
In which stage of HIV infection is the infected individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and opportunistic cancers?
Stage 3 or the AIDS stage
What are possible reasons why an individual infected with HIV dies within 7 years of infection?
Comorbidities of malnutrition, TB, or Malaria
An IV drug user recently found out that he shared needles with an HIV + individual. He went to the clinic and had a rapid test done, which was negative. What is your advice to this individual?
Retest in 6 months, seroconversion takes a few weeks.
What is seroconversion?
Period when HIV antibodies rise to detectable levels in the blood
What is the name of the test and the confirmatory test used in diagnosing HIV.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) & Western Blot
What determines if Anti Retroviral Therapy is a success or failure?
The patient's viral load
By themselves, what are Descovy and Truvada used for?
These are PrEP medications used in the prevention of HIV in high risk groups. They have been approved for daily use to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.
What advice would you provide to a non-HIV-infected female about reducing the risk of HIV transmission from her HIV + husband?
ART, PrEP, Condoms, yearly testing
Which type of isolation is required for an HIV + patient?
Universal/standard precautions
Why are routine health screens such as mammograms, colonoscopies, gynecological, dental, & eye exams important in HIV+ patient?
These patients are more at risk of developing malignancies
A patient has spoon shaped fingernails and swollen, smooth tongue. What type of deficiency does this patient have?
Iron deficiency anemia (koilonychias & glossitis)
Which vitamin aids the body to absorb iron more effectively?
Vitamin C
An individual who has been a vegan for the past 5 years, complains of fatigue, depression, and mental fogginess, which vitamin deficiency do you suspect?
B 12 deficiency. Dietary sources of vitamin B12 include meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy products. It is not found in plants.
What is the difference between B12 deficiency anemia and Folic acid deficiency anemia?
The neurological signs of Folic acid deficiency are reversible.
Which deficiency is linked to the occurrence of neural tube defects and orofacial abnormalities during embryonic development?
Folic acid deficiency. Women of childbearing years should obtain at least 400 mcg of folic acid daily during the preconception stage and during the pregnancy
