A reduced anterior–posterior tongue movement affects which stage?
None
Oral transit
Esophageal
Pharyngeal
The primary function of the arytenoids during swallowing is to:
Elevate the velum
Move anteriorly & medially to close the larynx
Control saliva production
Increase tongue pressure
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the supraglottic larynx?
CN X vagus
CN VII facial
CN XII hypoglossal
CN IX glossopharyngeal
Damage to the mandibular branch of CN V (trigeminal) would MOST likely cause difficulty with:
Taste sensation
Vocal fold adduction
Jaw elevation during mastication
Lip rounding
Which CN provides motor input to the palatoglossus muscle?
CN Xll (hypoglossal)
CN X (vagus)
CN V (trigeminal)
CN lX (glossopharyngeal)
Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve primarily disrupts:
Motor innervation to the true vocal folds
Sensory detection at the aryepiglottic folds
Gag reflex and swallow trigger responsiveness
Taste on the anterior tongue
Primary peristalsis occurs when:
The bolus enters the esophagus
The tongue elevates
Upper Esophageal Sphincter contracts
The pharynx squeezes
A lesion affecting CN VII (facial) would MOST likely result in:
Posterior tongue numbness
Weak jaw closure
Absent cough reflex
Reduced labial seal causing anterior spillage
Tongue elevation against the hard palate is primarily achieved by the:
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
The esophageal phase is controlled primarily by:
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal accessory nerve
Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
Spinal accessory nerve
The Upper Esophageal Sphincter opens as a result of:
Pressure from the lungs
Cricopharyngeal contraction
Vocal fold adduction
Hyolaryngeal traction & relaxation of the cricopharyngeus
Which structure prevents anterior spillage of the bolus?
Uvula
Epiglottis
Lips & labial musculature
Vagus reflex pathways
CN X (Vagus) is responsible for:
Sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue & pharynx
Laryngeal sensation and motor closure
Airway protection
Facial expression
Reduced pharyngeal constriction leads to:
Delayed swallow trigger
Pyriform sinus residue
Vocal fold paralysis
Nasal emission
Loss of sensory input from the pyriform sinuses is MOST associated with risk of:
Nasal regurgitation
Reduced chewing strength
Delayed airway protective responses
Slowed AP transit
The lower esophageal sphincter function protects against:
Aspiration
Gastroesophageal reflux into the pharynx
Nasal regurgitation
Reflux into the esophagus
Reduced lingual lateralization would MOST affect:
Bolus formation
Upper Esophageal Sphincter opening
Laryngeal closure
Epiglottic inversion
Damage to CN XI (spinal accessory nerve) affects swallowing by:
Impairing laryngeal elevation
Decreasing Upper Esophageal Sphincter relaxation
Redu. palatal elevation due to its fibers joining CN X (Vagu
Weakening the pharyngeal constrictors
The oral transit stage ends when:
Bolus enters valleculae
Tongue base meets posterior pharyngeal wall
Hyoid elevates
Velum closes
Velopharyngeal closure prevents:
Aspiration
Globus sensation
Cricopharyngeal spasm
Nasal regurgitation
Loss of sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue would MOST impact:
Gag reflex & swallow trigger responsiveness
Sensory detection at the aryepiglottic folds
Reduced labial seal causing anterior spillage
Motor innervation to the true vocal fold
Which muscle elevates the pharynx during swallowing?
Inferior constrictor
Stylopharyngeus
Middle constrictor
Superior constrictor
The laryngeal vestibule closes completely when:
Epiglottis retroflexes
Arytenoids contact the base of the epiglottis
Upper Esophageal Sphincter opens
Velum elevates
Which CN innervates the majority of pharyngeal constrictors?
CN VII
CN V
CN IX & X
CN XII
Which CN provides sensory input to the oropharynx to trigger the swallow?
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
CN VII (Facial)
CN X (Vagus)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Delayed pharyngeal swallow MOST commonly results in:
Premature spillage into the airway
Reduced Upper Esophageal Sphincter tone
Nasal regurgitation
Esophageal reflux
The pharyngeal swallow is primarily triggered when the bolus reaches the:
Buccinator muscle
Palatine tonsil
Faucial pillars
Velum
Mastication is MOST dependent on which cranial nerve?
CN VII
CN Xll
CN lX
CN V
Buccinator function during swallowing is to:
Elevate the larynx
Prevent pocketing in the lateral sulci
Propel the bolus through the Upper Esophageal Sphincter
Close the velopharyngeal port
CN VII (facial) contributes to swallowing by:
Sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue & pharynx
Elevating velum
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue & lip seal
Triggering upper esophageal sphincter opening
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) provides:
Motor to arytenoids
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue & lip seal
Sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue & pharynx
Motor innervation to the tongue
Hyolaryngeal elevation contributes MOST to:
Velopharyngeal seal
Nasal airflow
Airway closure & Upper Esophageal Sphincter opening
Tongue base retraction
Taste to the epiglottis is supplied by which cranial nerve?
CN lX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN Vll (facial)
CN V (trigeminal)
CN X (vagus)
Reduced relaxation of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter results in:
Penetration only
Pyriform sinus residue
Nasal reflux
Vallecular residue
Laryngeal closure during swallowing proceeds in what order?
Epiglottis → arytenoids → true vocal folds
Epiglottis → arytenoids → true vocal folds
True folds → arytenoids → epiglottic tilt
True vocal folds → false vocal folds → laryngeal vestibule
The oral preparatory stage is under control of:
Voluntary cortical control
Cerebellum only
Brainstem only
Vagus reflex pathways
Epiglottic inversion occurs primarily due to:
Contraction of the epiglottic muscle
Tongue base retraction & laryngeal elevation
Preventing pocketing in the lateral sulci
Airway closure & Upper Esophageal Sphincter opening
Reduced laryngeal sensation increases risk for:
Nasal regurgitation
Anterior spillage
Penetration & silent aspiration
Oral residue only
Tongue base retraction generates:
Epiglottic closure only
Shear pressure
Cricopharyngeal hypertonicity
Pharyngeal stripping wave
The muscle forming the primary structure of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter is the:
Aryepiglottic muscle
Cricopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Thyroepiglottic muscle
The primary muscle responsible for lip closure during swallowing is:
Buccinator
Palatoglossus
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Esophageal motility disorders primarily impact:
Safety of the swallow
Velopharyngeal function
Lingual pressure
Efficiency of bolus transit
Sensory loss to the valleculae would MOST directly impair:
True vocal fold adduction
Velopharyngeal closure
Esophageal peristalsis
Timely initiation of the pharyngeal swallow
The muscle that elevates and retracts the velum during oral transit is:
Lips & labial musculature
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Levator veli palatini
CN XII (hypoglossal) damage most affects:
Cricopharyngeal function
Cough strength
Lingual propulsion & bolus control
Airway protection