a crusade begun by Innocent III against the Cathar heresy in southern France.
Philip III of France
Established the Estates General
University of Oxford
an example of an ecclesiastical school becoming a university
William the Conqueror
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centr...
Saladin
(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem
Seventh Crusade
Organized by St. Louis IX of France to conquer Tunisia, but it ended when Louis died. The Crusades ended when Acre (the last outpost in Holy Land) fel...
Moors
Spanish Muslims
Harold Godwinson
Most powerful noble, became king of England in 1066 after death of Edward the Confessor, ruled for brief time until defeated and killed at the Battle...
HRE Frederick II
Tried to assert his authority over the authority of the Church; feuded with Innocent III.
Council of Constance
the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church
Hundred Years' War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
parliament
transformed out of the Great Council in England
Charles VII of France
He began France's long recovery after the Hundred Years' War. He made important contributions to France by reorganizing the royal council, strengtheni...
Hugh Capet
Founder of the dynasty that ruled France from 987-1328
John I of England
1215, King of England that signed the Magna Carta
Concordat of Worms
A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power cou...
common law
A legal system based on custom and court rulings
HRE Henry V
agreed to the Concordat of Worms with Pope Calixtus
Longbows
Arrows shot by these powerful weapons could penetrate a suit of armor.
Eight Crusade
mixed results, did not re-establish control over the Holy Land
First Crusade
1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.
Emperor Alexius I
Requested help from Pope Urban II to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Muslim Turks.
Peasants' Revolt of 1381
English Peasant revolt to over taxation and war. stopped by Richard's false promises and then killings
Pope Gregory VII
banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV
ecclesiastical schools
schools that appeared near cathedrals to educate future clergy
Lombard League
The alliance of merchants and the pope against Frederick.
Fifth Crusade
Began when Emperor Frederick II invaded the Holy Land and used diplomacy rather than war to create a treaty with the Egyptians that gave Christians ac...
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly
Inns of Court
Place in London where English lawyers were trained; for centuries, students learned the law there by association with legal scholars, lawyers, and jud...
Pope Innocent IV
granted crusader status to anyone who fought the emperor, reinforced competition between popes and secular kings and emperors
Gothic style
type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
Eleanor of Aquitaine
powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him
Crusader States
States establish within the eastern Mediterranean by Christian crusaders during the crusades.
Battle of Hastings
the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the No...
HRE Frederick I
Barbarossa, oversaw six campaigns to overtake Northern Italian states
Ferdinand II
King of Spain, who - with Queen Isabella - funded Christopher Columbus's voyages. He also helped lead the Spanish Reconquista.
Capetian Dynasty
after the Carolingians were dissolved, this was founded by Hugh Capet. It was the beginning of the French monarchy, consolidated by King Louis IX
Henry II of England
Married Eleanor of Aquitaine and got French land from her, strengthened royal courts, introduced jury and common law
The Great Famine of 1315
Calamity that struck a large area of Europe caused by much rain, rotting crops, and a lack of salt to preserve meat.
The Black Death
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numb...
Henry and Constance of Sicily
son of Barbarossa who married an heiress of Sicily
Sixth Crusade
Began when St. Louis IX of France invaded Egypt and took Damietta. He was forced to surrender and pay a huge ransom.
Pope Gregory IX
pope who, in 1231, set up an official court called the Inquisition to investigate suspected heretics
Normans
A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066
Philip II of France
Also known as Philip Augustus, he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He wa...
due process of law
the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
Western Schism
strange period of history with three "popes"
crusade
one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
The Spanish Inquisition
An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholici...
Babylonian Captivity
The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asia...
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in th...
Second Crusade
The Crusade that failed in its goal of recapturing the Crusader state of Edessa from the Turks.
Third Crusade
(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt.
Hindu-Arabic numerals
the number system we use today; it was created by Indian scholars during the Gupta dynasty
Medieval Warm Period
a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region, lasting from about AD 800-1300. It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic termed t...
Domesday Book
A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and w...
The Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
Arabs
traveling people who lived throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia/Middle East, first followers of Islam
secular
Non-religious
Dante Alghieri
wrote the Divine Comedy
baron
the lowest rank of English nobility
Stephen of England
the last of the Norman monarchs who fought a civil war against Henry II
HRE Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Pope Gregory VII on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
Thomas Aquinas
(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive...
The Song of Roland
An epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor
Title given to a person who had charge of not only the empire, but also the church
Edward III of England
English King claiming the French throne, launched war for the throne called Hundred Years' War
Pope Innocent III
(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming suprem...
Edward the Confessor
(1042-1066) The son of Aethelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, he is usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex. His death launched...
Baltic Crusades
attacked pagans in Transylvania
Late Middle Ages
A time of disease, disorder, and great change for the Church and the world.
Illumination
The artistic decoration of books and manuscripts
Council of Clermont
An assembly heard the a speech given by Pope Urban II and basically he said they was a direct path to heaven for those willing to fight in the first c...
Louis IX of France
enthusiastically persecuted Jews and heretics, led 2 crusades, expanded the Inquisition
Richard I of England
This was the English king who led the Third Crusade. Also called Richard the Lionhearted
Alexius III
after deposing his brother in 1195, he became the Byzantine Emperor from 1195 to 1203. A member of the extended Imperial family
HRE Otto I
Begins lay investiture
Fourth Crusade
A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire
Isabella I of Spain
Famous for reigning as Queen, believing strongly in Christianity but also believing in natural rights. Originally allows Jews and Muslims in Spain, bu...
Ninth Crusade
a crusade led by Edward I; this was the last crusade before the fall of Acre, the last crusader stronghold in the Holy Lands
Buboes
a swollen, inflamed lymph node in the armpit or groin.
vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
The Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
The Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
habeas corpus
An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.
lay invesiture
the selection and appointment of church officials by secular authorities
Flagellants
People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
Joan of Arc
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
Berbers
A member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt
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