What was the population increase in Europe between 1870 and 1914?
From 300 million to 440 million people.
What contributed to the increased emigration abroad between 1870-1914?
Improvements in transportation and lower costs.
Which countries were the initial sources of emigration?
The United Kingdom, Ireland, and Scandinavia.
What were the main destinations for emigrants from Europe?
The United States, Latin America, Australia, and New Zealand.
How did emigration benefit receiving countries?
By providing settlers.
How did emigration benefit sending countries?
By alleviating unemployment and social conflicts.
By 1900, what fraction of the population lived in cities?
Between one-third and half of the population.
Which cities exceeded one million people by 1900?
Paris and London.
What are three examples of technological advances adopted in cities during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Electric lighting, trams, and subways.
What were three hygienic improvements made in cities?
The installation of sewage systems, paving, and waste collection.
What political freedoms were granted to workers that helped grow the labor movement?
The freedom of assembly and association.
What was the first significant political party for workers AND where was it founded?
The German Social Democratic Party (SPD), founded in 1875.
What were the main countries where similar workers' parties were founded other than the German SPD?
France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain.
What was the Second International, and when was it founded?
It was a federation of socialist parties based on Marxist principles, founded in 1889.
What was the difference in how pure Marxists vs. revisionists supported gaining power?
Pure Marxists advocated gaining power through revolution, while revisionists supported gaining power through elections.
What was the position of the Second International on capitalism, imperialism, and war?
Capitalism, imperialism, and war were condemned.
