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participle clauses
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Because I was very tired, I went to bed early.
Being very tired, I wen to bed early.
If the weather permits, we will go surfing.
Weather permitting, we will go surfing.
As it was sunny, we went on a picnic.
It being sunny, we went on a pinic.
As I did not receive an answer, I wrote again.
Not recieving an answer, I wrote again.
As I have never seen her before, I didn't recognize her.
Never having seen her before, I didn't recognize her.
As I didn't know what to say, I kept silent.
Not knowing what to say, I kept silent.
As I have finished my homework, I watched TV.
Having finished my homework, I watched TV.
Though I live near his house, I seldom see him.
Living near his house, I seldom see him.
If you turn to the left, you will find the building.
Turning to the left, you will find the building.
When she saw me, she smiled.
Seeing me, she smiled.
(read) the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. (  IN SPITE OFを使って）
In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.
(arrive) at the hotel, he went to get changed. （ONを使って）
On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
(pack) her things, she thought about the last two years. （WHILEを使って）
While packing her things, she thought about the last two years.
Since he had never been there before, he was stunned. →
Not having been there before, he was stunned.
(a Having won every major judo title   b Won every major judo title   cHe having won every major judo title) , Mark retired from international competition. (a, b, cより選ぶ）
Having won every major judo title, Mark retired from international competition.
a) Having persuaded b) Persuaded c) Persuading y their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
Persuaded by their optimism, he decided to have a go at running his own business.
(Spend) his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
Having spent his childhood in Denmark, he could speak Danish perfectly well.
Being a ex-convict, （a they didn't give him the job 　b the manager decided not to interview him 　c he had no hope of finding a job）（a, b, c より選ぶ）
Being a ex-convict,he had no hope of finding a job
Waiting for the doctor,（a　 the alarm went off　 b Dave read a magazine 　c a big noise scared everybody）. (a, b, cより選ぶ）
Waiting for the doctor, Dave read a magazine.
As I had been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.→
Having been to England before, I knew where to find a good hotel.
Because he didn't study hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.→
Not having studied hard enough for his exam, Ryan couldn't pass it.
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