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Amino Acid Metabolism

Study Slideshow

What are two ways to remove amine groups from amino acids

Transamination and Oxidative Deamination (There are other ways)

How is ammonium safely transported in the blood?

Ammonium is safely carried through the blood as glutamine. Glutamine carries 2 NH3's

In what form do humans excrete nitrogen waste from amino acid metabolism

Humans excrete the nitrogenous waste from amino acids as urea

What is the name of this molecule?

Urea

What is the name of this functional group?

Schiff Base (Imine)

What is the name of the coenzyme involved in transaminase reactions

Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme associated with — transaminases which catalyze transfer of amino groups from amino acids to keto acids.

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of glutamine?

Glutaminase

What is attached to proteins to tag them for degradation

Ubiquitin

Where does oxidative deamination take place?

In human body deamination takes place primarily in the liver mitochondria - secondarily in kidney

How can one convert alanine to aspartic acid?

Alanine==> Pyruvate ==>Oxaloacetate==>Aspartate

What are some of the molecules that can be made from pyruvate?

Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Ethanol, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Malate, CAC intermediates, PEP, Glucose

How does ammonia get transferred from skeletal muscles to the liver?

Via the Alanine Cycle - as alanine

What enzyme is used to convert glutamate to glutamine in the tissues for transport to liver?

Glutamine synthetase

What enzyme is used in the muscle to transfer NH3 from Glu to Ala?

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

What coenzyme is used with Alanine Aminotransferase

ALT (and all aminotransferases) require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate , which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amin

What organ is most likely to be adversely effected by high levels of ammonia

Brain