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Amino Acid Metabolism
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What three amino acids can be made from a single non-amino acid by transamination
alanine (Pyruvate); glutamate (alpha-keto glutarate), asparate (oxaloacetate)
Where does transamination take place?
All cells in the body.
This amino acid transports ammonia from skeletal muscle to liver
Alanine
What enzyme can use both NAD+ and NADP+?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
What term used to describe combination of transamination and action of glutamate dehydrogenase
Transdeamination
Transamination employs what type of mechanism?
Ping-Pong
What organ is most likely to be adversely effected by high levels of ammonia
Brain
What coenzyme is used with Alanine Aminotransferase
ALT (and all aminotransferases) require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate , which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amin
What enzyme is used in the muscle to transfer NH3 from Glu to Ala?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
What enzyme is used to convert glutamate to glutamine in the tissues for transport to liver?
Glutamine synthetase
How does ammonia get transferred from skeletal muscles to the liver?
Via the Alanine Cycle - as alanine
What are some of the molecules that can be made from pyruvate?
Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Ethanol, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Malate, CAC intermediates, PEP, Glucose
How can one convert alanine to aspartic acid?
Alanine==> Pyruvate ==>Oxaloacetate==>Aspartate
Where does oxidative deamination take place?
In human body deamination takes place primarily in the liver mitochondria - secondarily in kidney
What is attached to proteins to tag them for degradation
Ubiquitin
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of glutamine?
Glutaminase
What is the name of the coenzyme involved in transaminase reactions
Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme associated with — transaminases which catalyze transfer of amino groups from amino acids to keto acids.
What is the name of this functional group?
Schiff Base (Imine)
What is the name of this molecule?
Urea
In what form do humans excrete nitrogen waste from amino acid metabolism
Humans excrete the nitrogenous waste from amino acids as urea
How is ammonium safely transported in the blood?
Ammonium is safely carried through the blood as glutamine. Glutamine carries 2 NH3's
What are two ways to remove amine groups from amino acids
Transamination and Oxidative Deamination (There are other ways)
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