Share GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES
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NOT HAVING BEEN INVITED to the wedding, he didn't come.
Perfect participle - Passive adverbial clause of reason/result: Because he hadn't/As a result of not having been invited to the wedding, he didn't come.
OPENING the door, she saw me.
Present participle, adverbial clause of time: When she opened the door, she saw me.
What I really like is TRAVELLING to other countries.
Gerund. It functions as a noun.
LOOKED after carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters.
Past participle. Adverbial clause of condition: If you look at this coat carefully, it will keep you warm...
The survey revealed some WORRYING results.
Present participle. It functions as an adjective.
I had no time to read my book HAVING SPENT so long doing my homework.
Perfect participle. Adverbial clause of reason or result: I had no time to read my book because I... /as a result of having...
BUILT in 1953, the museum needs renovation.
Past participle. Adverbial clause of reason: Since/As/Because it was built in 1953, ...
He rushed out of the room without SAYING a word.
After a preposition, we always use a gerund. It functions as a noun.
He robbed a bank ENDING up in prison.
Present participle in coordination. He robbed a bank and ended up in prison.
ATTACKED by a dog, the little girl was taken to the nearest hospital.
Past participle. Passive adverbial clause of time or reason: After/because the little girl was attacked by a dog, she was taken...
Not WANTING to tell the truth, the young boy made up an excuse.
Present participle. Adverbial clause of reason: Because the young boy did not want to....
The man DRIVING the car was not injured.
Present participle. It functions as an adjective as this is a reduced defining relative clause: The man who was driving the car...
He pulled the trigger KILLING a twenty-nine-year-old lady.
Present participle in coordination: He pulled the trigger and killed a twenty...
WANTING to speak to him about the contract, I decided to arrange a meeting.
Present participle. Adverbial clause of reason: Because I wanted to...
HAVING ATTENDED this course before, Tom knew what to expect.
Perfect participle. Adverbial clause of reason: Because Tom had attended this course before, he...
