What is the most common mechanism that a bacterium uses to resist the effects of penicillin?
By producing beta-lactamases that destroy the beta lactam ring structure of penicillin. same bacteria can produce many beta-lactamases
Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
polypeptide ABX that disrupts outer membrane of bacterial cells. Used for skin infections primarily against gram (-)can damage host cells
Which ABX interferes with the attachment of tRNA to mRNA
tetracyclines
Explain the relationship of sulfonamides and PABA
inhibit bacterial growth; Sulfonamides are structurally similar to PABA which allows them to competitively inhibit the enzyme that converts PABA into folic acid
Why are antibiotics with a very broad spectrum of activity not as useful as one might first think?
anitbiotic resistance, disruption of normal microbiota, increased side effects
Which ABX binds with the 30S portion of the ribosome causing it to change shape?
streptomycin
Identify at least one reason why it’s so difficult to target a pathogenic virus without damaging the host’s cells.
viruses rely on host cells to replicate and multiply, viruses can rapidly mutate and evolve, which can make it difficult to develop effective treatments
compare mechanism of action of penicillin's
inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding and inhibiting the enzyme PBP crosslink peptidoglycan strands in bacterial cell walls
What sterol in the cell membrane of fungi is the most common target for antifungal action?
ergosterol
of the drugs that inhibit protein synthesis, which binds with the 50S portion of the ribosome, inhibiting formation of the peptide bond?
Chloramphenicol
describe the mechanisms through which organisms acquire antibiotic resistance
mutation, horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic misuse, exposure to antibiotics in the environment, natural selection,
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