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chapter 7

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  • What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? 
    carbon,hydrogen,oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio
  • Why doesn't a negative stain color a cell?
    negative stains are acidic-due to repulsion between the negative charges of the stain and the (-) bacterial surface, the dye will not penetrate the cell.
  • What is a basic dye? What is an acidic dye?
    Basic- chromophore is a cation, basic dye (+) charged, is attracted to the (-) charged cell wall; acidic dyes are (-), chromophore is an anion, repels (-) cell
  • Explain the steps of the gram stain technique and differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative cells.
    primary-crystal violet, mordant (iodine), decolorization (alcohol wash), counterstain (safranin) (+) purple (-) pink
  • What functional group has a Carbon double bonded to an oxygen at the end of the molecule and reduces sugars
    an aldehyde
  • How are flagella stained?
    use mordant on flagella and stain with carbolfuchsin
  • give examples of inorganic molecules
    No carbon, structurally simple, water, salts, acids, bases
  • using the whiteboard, draw the following functional groups methyl, aldehyde, ketone, phophate, amino
    CH3, COH, CO, PO4, NH2
  • If a reaction is endergonic and anabolic, what type of reaction could it be?
    synthesis reaction
  • What are characteristics of an organic molecule? Give examples
    always contains a carbon! Structurally complex, protiens, nucleic acids, lipids...
  • What stain would be used to identify mycobacterium and nocardia?
    acid fast
  • What is a monomer of sucrose?
    glucose, fructose
  • What two functional groups are in all amino acids?
    amine (–NH2) and carboxylic acid (–COOH) functional groups, linked to the same carbon atom.
  • This chemical reaction below is used to remove chlorine from water. What type of reaction is it? HClO + Na2SO3 ® Na2SO4 + HCl
    Exchange synthesis reaction
  • Which microscopes give a 3D image of a specimen?
    confocal and electron microscopes
  • Which can provide more energy for a cell and why: ATP or ADP?
     ATP has 3phosphate molecules and more energy than ADP, which only has 2
  • Which microscope could you use to view internal structures of live specimens?
    phase-contrast, two-photon, DIC, fluorescence,  and confocal microscopes
  • What type of bond holds Li+ and Cl- in LiCl together
    ionic
  • What type of bond holds together Carbon and oxygen atoms in methanol
    Single covalent
  • What dyes are used in an endospore stain? What is the procedure? If endospores are present, how do they appear?
    primary stain of malachite green with heat, decolorize with water, counterstain with safranin, endospores will be green in red cell
  • List several properties of water that are important to living systems.
    ability to act as a universal solvent, cohesion, adhesion,specific heat capacity help support the life processes and habitats of all organisms.
  • Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl ® MgCl2 + H2O Identify the acid, base, and salt.
    Mg(OH)=base; HCl=acid; MgCl2=salt
  • What happens when acid fast bacteria are stained?
    primary stain carbolfuchsin is retained during decolorization step because of cell walls waxy lipids, stays red after counterstain of methylene blue
  • Define functional group
    specific group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the chemical reactivity and behavior of organic compounds
  • using the whiteboard draw the following functional groups; sulfhydyl, ester, ether, carboxyl
    SH, COO C2OH4, COOH
  • Identify the building blocks and structure of proteins.
    Amino acids which is a carbon atom linked to an amino group, carboxyl group, H+ atom and a variable group
  • What type of bond holds A hydrogen atom of one nucleotide to a nitrogen or oxygen atom of another nucleotide in DNA together
    Hydrogen bond
  • What functional group helps build organic acids, proteins and lipids, (COOH)
    carboxyl
  • Give an example of a disacharide
    sucrose= glucose+fructose; lactose=glucose+galactose; maltose=glucose+glucose
  • Compare and contrast DNA and RNA differ?
    RNA contains the sugar ribose, DNA deoxyribose, DNA double strand, RNA single, RNA uses uracil, DNA thyamine; they both use Adenine, cytosil and guanine
  • What is the difference between an Ionic bond and a covalent bond?
    Ionic is losing and gaining electron(s) Covalent is sharing the same electron(s)
  • What gives electron microscopy greater resolution?
    shorter wavelengths
  • under what conditions do endospores form?
    harsh environments, form spores around DNA. cell dies off and DNA remains protected. 
  • What color are Gram(-) cells after adding the decolorizer, alcohol acetone? After the counter stain safranin?
    Clear after decolorizer and pink after counterstain
  • When preforming a gram stain you forgot the decolorizing step, what color would gram (+) bacteria be? Gram (-)?
    They would both be purple
  • What happens when non acid fast bacteria are stained using acid fast staining technique?
    primary stain makes cells red but the cell walls lack waxy lipid component, is washed away by the decolorization step, then the counterstain makes cells blue
  • Give examples of a polysaccharide
    starch cellulose, glycogen
  • What are endospores
    resting cells, resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals.
  • What functional group is found in DNA, participates in energy metabolism and is a carbon single bonded to 3 hydrogens
    Methyl
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