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Apologia Advanced biology Module 8

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  • What is a Sulcus?
    a groove or furrow, especially on the surface of the brain
  • What is the difference between the Primary sensory somatic area and the somatic sensory association area?
    The first one receives and localizes general sensations , the second area interprets the information and puts it into context with your past experiences
  • What does the premotor area do? what does the primary motor cortex do?
    premotor area works out sequences of signals needed for learned complex motion, primary Motor cortex controls basic skeletal muscle movements
  • What are d and e and what structure do they make up?
    d - thalamus, e - hypothalamus together they are the diencephelon
  • What is the reflex arc?
    a special type of neural circuit that begins with a sensory neuron at a receptor, and ends with a motor neuron at an effector without going through the brain
  • What parts of the brain are included in the diencephalon?
    thalamus and hypothalamus
  • What is j and what does it control?
    cerebellum - Maintenance of balance and posture
  • Where does decussation primarily occur?
    Medulla oblongata
  • What is L and what does it do?
    Primary motor area: controls basic skeletal movements
  • What is the difference between White and Grey matter?
  • What is a connection of neurons that allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate?
    commissures (the corpus callosum)
  • What happens in the ventricles and why?
    They make and store cerebral spinal fluid to cushion and protect the brain, and removes waste, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord
  • What is the anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right side of the CNS?
    decussation
  • What is the difference between the visual association area and the visual cortex?
    The second one recognizes basic visual information (shape and color), the first interprets the information, putting it into context with your past experiences
  • What medical procedure was done on Rosemary Kennedy and Why?
    Pre-frontal lobotomies, she was mentally retarded and they were trying to treat it, because it controls mood , emotion, and impulsive behavior
  • What are Gyri?
    folds of the cortex that increase the surface area
  • What is the foramen magnum?
    an opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal chord and brain are connected
  • What does this picture show? Explain what is happening.
    Reflex arc
  • what is K? what is it's function?
    Corpus callosum: a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres
  • What is this part of the brain that has the pons, medulla oblongata and the Midbrain?
    The brain stem
  • What are A and what are B?
    A - Gyri(a ridge on the surface of the brain), B - sulci ( a groove in the cerebral cortex)
  • What is grey matter?
    A collection of neuron cell bodies and associated neuroglia
  • What are Arachnoid granulates and what do the do?
    They are like tiny sewers at the top of the head where CSF drains into the superior sagittal sinus where it mixes with blood
  • What is H and what does it do?
    Broca;s area: initiates muscle movement for speech
  • What are the layers of the meninges?
    Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia matter
  • What is this and what do the layers do?
    The granulations are one way valves that put blood and CSF back into the body's venous system. To maintain a proper balance of CSF
  • Why did we study the pituitary gland in this module?
    The posterior pituitary is part of the brain. It is controlled by the hypothalamus.
  • What is B called and what does it do?
    somatic sensory association area. This area determines the meaning of the sensation. sharp/dull,
  • What is K and what does it do?
    Prefrontal area - site of motivation and foresight, regulates mood and emotion, inhibits impulsive behavior
  • What does the medulla oblongata control?
    vital involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, acting as a crucial communication link between the brain and spinal cord. etc
  • What is E and what does it do?
    Wernick’s area: deals with the comprehension of speech, understanding language
  • What are g, h and i, separately and together?
    g - midbrain, h - pons, i - medulla oblongata, together - the brain stem
  • What are considered vital functions?
    Those functions of the body, necessary for life on a minute to minute basis (respirations, beating heart)
  • What are e and f?
    e - hypothallamus, F - the pituitary gland
  • What does the cerebellum regulate?
    responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance and posture, and fine-tuning motor skills. It also plays a role in emotional regulation
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