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Earth Science Midterm Review

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  • What is the organic material in soil that makes it very fertile for growing plants and gives it a dark color?
    humus
  • When you stand on the beach and walk into the shallow water, what part of the ocean are you standing on?
    continental shelf
  • If an area was once covered by seawater, what type of fossil would most likely be found there?
    fish or other marine life
  • Erosion caused by a large-scale removal of trees is called _____________.
    deforestation
  • Talc can not scratch any other mineral. What would talc rate on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
    1
  • What are the preserved or mineralized remains or imprint of an organism that lived long ago?
    fossil
  • Based on this chart, which ocean is Earth’s largest source of saltwater?
    Pacific Ocean
  • What type of boundary is shown here?
    divergent
  • What is the top zone of the ocean?
    sunlight zone
  • What are rocks composed of?
    minerals
  • Explain how the Sun is the major source of energy in the water cycle.
    It provides the energy to evaporate water on Earth into the atmosphere.
  • Looking at this chart, which soil would be best for growing tomato plants?
    Soil 1
  • A farmer wants to buy a new farm to grow his crops. He has looked at three. One farm has red clay, one has black loam, and one has sandy soil. Which farm would be best for growing crops?
    black loam
  • Which of Earth’s processes can cause a mountain to lose height/altitude?
    erosion
  • Which of the Earth’s layers is liquid?
    outer core
  • Why is most of the Earth’s freshwater unavailable for us to use?
    It is frozen.
  • What is the deepest part of the ocean?
    trench
  • Moss and fungi grow over a rock and secrete a mild acid, which dissolves the rock over time. This is an example of which kind of weathering?
    chemical
  • In this model of the sea floor, what does F represent?
    abyssal plain
  • What characteristic of soil determines how water moves through the soil?
    size of particles
  • What are the four layers of the Earth (from outer to inner)?
    crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
  • Groundwater moves from the ground through plants and then back into the atmosphere through the process of ____________________.
    transpiration
  • The Gulf Stream current makes the waters of the North Atlantic ______________.
    warmer
  • Describe the concept of the rock cycle.
    Rocks are continually changing, and any type of rock may be transformed into another type of rock by appropriate processes.
  • In this model of the sea floor, what does J represent?
    trench
  • Examine this diagram. If these two columns were taken from the same dig site at different locations, which two layers are of approximately the same age?
    C & D
  • Underwater earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides can cause what natural disaster to occur?
    tsunamis
  • In this model of the sea floor, what does H represent?
    mid-ocean ridge
  • What causes any kind of rock to change into igneous rock?
    melting and cooling
  • What causes any kind of rock to change into metamorphic rock?
    heat and pressure
  • A diamond can scratch all other minerals. What would a diamond rate on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
    10
  • Describe how lithospheric plates move across the surface of the Earth
    The plates are driven by convection currents within the mantle.
  • What type of boundary is shown here?
    convergent
  • An underground reservoir of fresh water is called an _____________.
    aquifer
  • This diagram represents Earth’s layers. What does C represent?
    mantle
  • Deltas are shaped by gradual buildup due to ______________.
    deposition
  • In this model of the sea floor, what does E represent?
    seamount
  • List the steps in the water cycle that transfer water from the ocean to the atmosphere, and then back down to Earth.
    evaporation, condensation, precipitation
  • Water freezes in the cracks of rocks and then expands, breaking the rocks apart. This is an example of which kind of weathering?
    physical
  • Which mineral test requires you to scratch a mineral on a ceramic plate to check the color of the streak?
    streak test
  • Canyons are shaped by gradual wearing away due to ______________.
    water erosion
  • Which type of soil is best for growing plants because it contains a mixture of different soils?
    loam
  • What are the four types of precipitation?
    rain, sleet, snow, & hail
  • What causes tides?
    gravity
  • What type of boundary is shown here?
    transform
  • What causes any kind of rock to change into sedimentary rock?
    weathering, erosion, and deposition
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