Role of organelles in the oxidative stress

Mitochondria play an essential role in oxidative stress because they are responsible for the primary generation of

Electronically excited states of the reduction products of oxygen, which are also nonradicals.

The_______is the waste disposal system of cells, which can digest endocytosed particles in the cytoplasm.

Some of the reduction products of oxygen are of a free-radical nature, having a free electron

Biologically important reactive species are chlorine and bromine species

Lysosomes contain high concentrations of redox- active iron that can catalyze the homolytic splitting of hydrogen peroxide, which produces the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical by

The _______________ is the endomembrane system that is distributed in a network within the cell and can be subdivided into the ribosome-bound “rough” ER (RER) and the ribosome-non-bound “smooth” ER (SER).

Forms of cysteine and methionine, plus some low-molecular-mass compounds such as glutathione, trypanothione, or mycothiol are

Supply cellular energy ATP through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)

While each organelle can generate ROS, they differ in sensing danger signals

The________________ is a pivotal organelle in cell metabolism and participates in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell.

When the production of free radicals or their products exceeds the capability of the antioxidant defense mechanisms, the formation of ROS/RNS increases, which damages biological molecules and initiates a cascade of events that result in

Some of the reduction products of oxygen, having two free electron, is not a radical

Is a subnuclear membranless organelle that primarily functions as a biosynthetic site for the 40S and 60S ribosome precursors

In healthy cells, ROS/RNS are produced at High levels, and any damage they cause is commonly repaired; therefore, they usually exist in equilibrium with antioxidants that scavenge ROS/RNS and prevent tissue injury.

________ are generated by oxidant enzymes and scavenged by scavenging systems, which include enzymatic or non enzymatic.

Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and nitrite/nitrate are reactive species of

___________include various forms of metabolically generated aldehydes and electronically excited (triplet) carbonyls

Oxidative stress has generated significant interest primarily because it is a major contributor to the etiology of severe pathologies, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in the physiological respo