a rapid change in the degree of dilation, usually defined as more than ___mm/yr is often used as an indication for surgery.
5mm/yr
Atheromas of the aorta are characterized by ???
location and topographic characteristics.
The most common location for a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm to rupture is into the ???
RA
What is the major complication of sinus of valsalva.
rupture
Name the segments of Ao.
Annulus, Sinuses of Valsalva, Sinotubular junction, Ascending tubular aorta,
The arch, Descending thoracic aorta
Aortic insufficiency commonly occurs in ______ ______ ______.
ascending aortic aneurysms
Normal Aorta consists of how many segments.
6
Aortic dissection, intramural hematoma (IMH), atherosclerotic plaque rupture, and aneurysm rupture all have a similar clinical presentation and are often referred to as an ????
“acute aortic syndrome.”
Aneurysms arising from the right Valsalva sinus typically protrude into the right atrium where they may be visualized as a _______ structure.
“windsock”
Identification of a _____ in a patient with Marfan syndrome should heighten the awareness of spontaneous coronary dissection as a possible etiology.
RWMA
______ ______ is an inflammatory disease of the aorta and its proximal branches
Takayasu arteritis
Write down the measurements A-F.
A) 20-31mm B) 29-45mm C) 22-36 D) 22-36mm E) 22-36mm F) 20-30mm*
Idiopathic dilation (below the threshold for definition of an aneurysm) have often been referred to as ???
aortic ectasia.
Marfan syndrome is a heritable disorder of connective tissue associated with a mutation of the _____ gene.
FBN1 gene.
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms most often arise from the right sinus. ____ ____.
Right sinus
length of a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm can reach ____ - ____ cm
3 to 5 cm.
threshold of _____mm is considered an indication for prophylactic aortic surgery in an effort to reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic event such as rupture or dissection.
55mm
aortic dilation of more than ___mm is a definite risk factor for dissection
55mm
______ are most common in the descending thoracic aorta and arch and far less frequently encountered in the ascending aorta.
Aortic Atheromas
what is seen in the image
SINUS OF VALSALVA ANEURYSM
____________ is a medical imaging methodology using a specially designed catheter with a miniaturized ultrasound probe attached to the distal end of the catheter.
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
true/ false: American Society of Echocardiography recommends measuring leading edge to leading edge at end diastole.
true
true/ false: pericardiocentesis to reduce the intrapericardial pressure may be counterproductive and simply result in more aggressive bleeding into the pericardial space and patient demise.
true
_____ and _____ has ability to evaluate the entire extent of the aorta
CT and MRI
what am i? hemorrhage occurs into the medial layer
does not rupture into the lumen.
Intramural Hematoma
True/ False: Dissection typically occurs in the setting of pre-existing aortic dilation, Marfan syndrome, or hypertension.
True
The ascending aorta terminates at the ?
right innominate artery (brachiocephalic artery),
patients with a _________syndrome are intervened at a substantially lower threshold of ___-___mm because of the high prevalence of spontaneous aortic dissection and rupture in this population.
Loeys–Dietz , 40 to 45
True/ False: As the pathologic process is diffuse and can involve any area of the aorta
true. it can be in multiple areas
what are the 3 major vessels off the arch. in order rt - lt
rt Brachiocephalic, left CA, left Subclavian
Aortic aneurysms are typically characterized by their ________.
location
Stanford type is always an
emergency
patients with _______ syndrome are at risk of aneurysm formation, dissection, and rupture at any point along the course of the aorta
Marfan
An aneurysm is defined as enlargement to more than ____ times the normal dimension for that aspect of the aorta.
1.5 times