Study

Echo 13 part 2

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  • 1) What is the full form of TAPSE? 2) Where is it taken from? 3) What is abnormal cutoff Value?
    1)Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion. 2) Lateral annulus of TV 3) <17mm
  • Loss of respiratory variation, dilated IVC and opening of PFO is caused by what?
    Caused by chronic elevation of right sided pressures (pHtn).
  • What are the cardiac diseases that result in elevated pulmonary pressures? _______ is vital in identifying these diseases.
    Detection of shunts (ASD), MS, Severe LV Systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Echo is vital.
  • PAP values: Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe and Eisenmenger's.
    Normal: 18-25 mmHg Mild: 30-40mmHg Mod: 40-70mmHg Eisenmengers: >120mmHg
  • delayed relaxation of myocardium due to hypertrophy equals to
    reduced E/A ratio (early htn)
  • What is CorPulmonale?
    Lung/ Repiratory issue which causes changes in the structure and function of Rt Heart resulting with Rt sided HF.
  • True/False: Then pulmonary artery systolic pressure (in the absence of pulmonic stenosis) is calculated as: PAP= 4V2 + RAP PAP=RVSP
    TRUE
  • _______ hypertension can lead to heart disease and stroke. (top 2 causes of death)
    chronic (affects 30% adults in u.s)
  • PHTN is best evaluated on echo by measuring ???????
    peak pulmonic regurgitation
  • What are the risk factors of Htn.
    Chronis kidney disease and HF
  • What are some abnormalities more common in Htn are.
    MAC LAE Ascending Ao dilitation w/ Ai (chronic htn)
  • What is the mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in pHtn?
    >25mmHg
  • The underlying pathophysiology of this clinical syndrome is chronic pressure overload of the RV as it ejects into a high-resistance pulmonary vascular bed
    Cor pulmonale
  • how are pulmonary pressures calculated?
    modified bernoullis= 4v^2
  • What is the treatment for Eisenmengers (PAP).
    Surgical intervention such as lung or heart transplant. (true eisenmenger is when baby has left to right shunting)
  • Coronary Sinus drains into _____ Heart chamber.
    LA
  • severe untreated Htn will lead to signs of ______.
    CHF
  • Define Hypertension
    SBP >140mmHg DBP >90mmHg
  • What are the echo findings in this image and what can be causing it?
    D- shaped septum due to elevated rt pressures. The Flying W in M-Mode. RVE and LVH. caused by significant pHtn
  • what is the treatment for Phtn?
    CCB, Digoxin, Diuretics, Oxygen, Warfarin and Lung Transplant.
  • What are some normal echo findings with significant pHtn?
    *RAE *RVH *RVE *Diastolic Dysfunction (reduced E/A ratio) *TR may range from mild-Sev (worse: LV comp, Pleural Eff, TAPSE= <14mm)
  • Whats anomaly is shown in this picture?
    Mcconnell Sign: where apex seems to dip in the RV. regional RV dysfunction, with akinesia of the mid free wall, found in pts w/ Pulmonary Embolism.
  • Hypertension results due to _______ peripheral resistance.
    Increased
  • in htn, echo is used to evaluate 3 main things in heart.
    LVH diastolic dysfunc (early manifestation) systolic dysfunc
  • True/False:TEE imaging can demonstrate thrombus in the main, right, or left pulmonary artery.
    True
  • what is the difference between primary and seconadary Htn? which is more common in clinical findings, name some common diseases associated with it.
    Primary: no underlying cause or lung disease causing high BP Secondary: Caused by underlying disease. It is more common and Pulmonary disease and CV Disease.
  • What is the life expectancy if pHtn is left untreated.
    1-2 years. (with proper treatment it exceeds 7years maybe 10)
  • What can be seen in this image and what is causing this to happen.
    Dilated Coronary Sinus: Caused by chronic elevation of right sided pressures (pHtn)
  • True/ False: pHtn can be cured with treatment.
    False. it cant be cured but improve progression.
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