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Apologia Advanced Biology module 2

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  • How to endocrine glands work?
    Endo(internal, within) these glands do not have ducts, they secrete hormones directly into the blood stream through exocytosis.
  • What do the root words Mero, apo and holo mean?
    Mero-part, apo-apex, holo-whole
  • What happens at the basement membrane?
    Nutrients diffuse across it to feed the cells. (basement membrane and above to the free surface are avascular)
  • An exocrine gland secretes a substance that has a lot of cellular material in it, what kind of gland is it?
    Holocrine gland, whole disintegrating cells go into the secretions
  • Where do chondrocytes live?
    Lacuna
  • What is the Purpose and location of serous membranes?
    lubrication of organs. Pleurisy: infection of the lining of the lungs. Causes friction, very painful, rubbing can be heard with a stethoscope.
  • what is this called where would you find it and why?
    Simple columnar Epithelium- stomach and intestine- complex absorption, secretion and protection
  • What are Exocrine Glands?
    Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct
  • What are Chondrocytes?
    Chondro(cartilage) mature cartilage cells
  • What can columnar epithelial and cuboidal epithelial cells do that squamous epithelial cell can’t? And why?
    Complex tasks,it has very little space for cellular machinery or protection, because it is thinner. Pretty much all can do is allow for diffusion.
  • What is the difference between a stromal cell and a parenchymal cell?
    Stromal cells produce a framework for support. Parenchymal cells are the actual functioning cells in the tissue
  • What type of epithelial tissue is in blood vessels and deep in the lungs? Why?
    Simple squamous, it is thin and nutrients can diffuse across it.
  • What kind of tissue is found in the kidneys and why?
    d. simple cuboidal epithelium, because it can allow for diffusion, absorption and secretion.
  • identify the connective tissue proper in the picture, give location and the functions.
    Loose – deeper under the skin, light duty binding (skin to muscle)
  • What are amitotic cells?
    Cells that go through amitosis. a simple form of cell division that occurs without the formation of a mitotic spindle,
  • Where would you find this and why? What is it called?
    Airways, it has goblet cells producing mucous and cilia to move the mucous carrying debris out of the body. Pseudostratified epithelium.
  • How do merocrine glands secrete material?
    The golgi body packages the chemicals and the cells secrete the chemicals through exocytosis
  • Name the 4 types of connective tissue
    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bones and blood.
  • identify the connective tissue proper in the picture, give location and the functions.
    Dense regular – tendons and ligaments, tensile strength
  • What is the Extra cellular matrix?
    The chemical substance located between connective tissue cells
  • identify the connective tissue proper in the picture, give location and the functions.
    Adipose– insulation and bracing of organs, and energy storage. Found around organs (Kidneys) and under the skin
  • Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
    It fits the definition
  • Which tissue makes up the bladder and why?
    Stratified transitional epithelium E, it needs to stretch.
  • What are Fibroblast?
    spindle shaped cells that form connective tissue proper (once a fibroblast is completely surrounded by the matrix, it becomes a fibrocyte)
  • What type of tissue makes up membranes?
    Both epithelial and connective.
  • What is Purpose and location of synovial membranes?
    joints, lubrication, -it is a non-Newtonian fluid. What else reduces friction in joints? Hyaline cartilage.
  • Identify each type of cartilage and where you will find it in the body.
    a.fibrocartilage-backbone:tough binding and support b.hyaline cartilage-nose costal cartilage caps of bones firmness with resilience c.elastic-ears:flexible
  • What is the difference between a stable cell and a permanent cell?
    A stable does not usually undergo mitosis but it can.Healing is a long process. (tendons and ligaments) A permanent cells never undergo mitosis (cardiac muscle)
  • What is the Purpose and location of mucous membranes?
    1. Protection 2. Located in the airway, digestive tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract. All systems that open to the outside of the body.
  • identify the connective tissue proper in the picture, give location and the functions.
    Dense irregular– under the skin, strength in all directions
  • What is this and where is it found? What is it's major function?
    This is elastic cartilage. It can be found in the outer ear. It provides flexible support
  • What does labile mean? And what is a labile cell?
    Changeable, “liable to change; easily altered” A cell that can easily undergo mitosis
  • What are Permanent cells
    cells that cannot undergo mitosis
  • Where will you find Hyaline cartilage?
    the bridge of the nose, the costal cartilage of the ribs, and the caps on the bones of the joints.
  • What protein is found in all cartilage?
    collagen
  • What do all types of cartilage have in common?
    Chondrocytes- mature cartilage cells that produce extra cellular materials
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