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Apologia Advanced Biology module 1

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  • What is the difference between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA?
    DNA nucleotides are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
  • What does a Lysosome do?
    Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
  • 7 levels of organization, and which would be considered gross anatomy?
    molecules, organelles, cells, tissues(microscopic) - (gross anatomy): organs, organ systems, the whole organism
  • Why does the plasma membrane reorient itself?
    The phospholipids. The lipid tails are attracted to each other and the phosphate ends are attracted to the polar molecules of water,both inside&outside the cell
  • What is Chromatin?
    disorganized DNA
  • Describe and give an example of a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system
    negative- temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar positive-labor
  • What happens to the DNA during the telephase of mitosis?
    The plasma membrane of the nucleus constricts and creates two nuclei with the two sets of DNA inside
  • Describe two ways to study the body.
    Regional, surface, developmental, comparative, organ systems
  • What is tRNA?
    tRNA is a molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome where it is added to the growing protein chain based on the mRNA code
  • What are two ways large molecules brought into the cell?
    Pinocytosis(very large such as proteins) and carrier proteins (large such as carbohydrates)
  • What is active transport?
    When something requires energy to move into the cell.
  • Name and give an example of the 4 types of tissues.
    Nervous, Muscular, cardiac, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
  • What is a codon?
    A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling a stop.
  • What happens to DNA during prophase of mitosis?
    Prophase:DNA condenses and duplicates and forms sister chromatids.
  • Describe the 4 phases of mitosis.
    Prophase: Metaphase : Anaphase : Telephase: Interphase:normal cell function
  • What is homeostasis?
    A state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions
  • Give an example of passive transport
    water and Na+ traveling through channel proteins from high to low concentration.Lipids which are non polar can pass right through the lipid membrane
  • What is histology?
    The study of tissues
  • Name 2 stresses and what the body does about it.
    temperature:sweating or shivering, blood sugar(candybar): high-insulin low-liver puts out glucose, BP: high-slow heart rate, low-increase heart rate
  • What kind of tissue is cartilage?
    connective tissue
  • What is the difference between organs and organelles?
    Organelles are the little organs inside the cell and are made up of molecules
  • What is Physiology?
    The study of how the parts of an organism work and how they work together
  • What two places are DNA found?
    Nucleus and mitochondria
  • What do ribosomes do?
    They synthesize proteins. (They are the kitchen)
  • What is anatomy?
    The study of the structure of the body and its parts
  • What are the greek roots and their meanings for homeostasis
    homeo-same, stasis-standing
  • What kind of tissue lines your esophagus?
    epithelial tissue
  • What do glycoproteins do?
    The act as markers to identify the cells to recognize each other, ie: foreign cells, or as receptors to receive messages
  • What happens to DNA during mataphase?
    The sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell.
  • What is the fluid mosaic model?
    A description of plasma membrane. (phospholipid bilayer is fluid, The many different kinds of chemicals floating in it are the mosaic)
  • What is selective permeability?
    The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others
  • Is this a positive or negative feedback system? What is the control center? What is the effector?
    negative feedback system, control center- sympathetic nervous system, Effector-heart or muscles around the blood vessels
  • What is the plasma membrane made of?
    Phospholipid bilayer
  • What is an organ?
    A group of tissues speacialized for a particular function
  • What does the mitochondria do?
    It is the power house of the cell, it produces energy in the form of ATP
  • What happens to DNA during anaphase?
    The duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart towards the poles of the cell.
  • What kind of tissue is the heart muscle?
    muscle tissue
  • What do we call something that can threaten homeostasis?
    a stress
  • Name 5 of the 11 organ systems outlined in our text.
    Skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, muscular, integumentary, lymphatic (immune), urinary, endocrine, reproductive.
  • What do pinocytosis and phagocytosis mean? are the active or passive transport?
    phagocytosis: cell eating, pinocytosis: cell drinking. Always requires energy, always active transport
  • What does hydrophobic mean?
    water hating, the lipid end of the phospholipid
  • What does hydrophilic mean and what does it refer to?
    Water-loving, It refers to the phosphate end of a phospholipid
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