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Perfect modals for speculating about the past

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  • They may not have been the first Europeans to visit North America.
    A
  • We must not have been invited to the party.
    almost certain
  • Someone must have forgotten to lock the door
    A
  • Their ships could have been destroyed in a huge storm.
    P
  • All these trees / couldn’t / cut down / recently
    All these trees couldn’t have been cut down recently
  • The flight must have been cancelled.
    almost certain
  • Dinner at your aunt’s house had to have been good.
    A
  • Someone must have forgotten to lock the door
    almost certain
  • The flight must have been cancelled.
    P
  • Your sweater might have been found after we left the restaurant.
    not certain
  • The building / had to / design / by a German architect
    The building had to have been designed by a German architect.
  • She must have missed the early train.
    A
  • This desk / might / make / in the seventeenth century
    This desk might have been made in the seventeenth century
  • Their ships could have been destroyed in a huge storm.
    not certain
  • We must not have been invited to the party.
    P
  • She must have missed the early train.
    almost certain
  • Your daughter / could / drive / to school by her brother
    Your daughter could have been driven to school by her brother.
  • They may not have been the first Europeans to visit North America.
    not certain
  • My car / must / steal / very late last night
    My car must have been stolen very late last night.
  • Our conversation / might not / record
    Our conversation might not have been recorded.
  • Dinner at your aunt’s house had to have been good.
    very certain
  • Your sweater might have been found after we left the restaurant.
    P