What's the matter? (Me)
I've got earache.
What's wrong? (Me)
I've cut my elbow.
What's wrong?
He's got backache.
What's wrong? (Me)
I've got a sore throat.
What's wrong?
He's got a stomach ache.
What's the matter?
She's got a cough.
What's the problem?
She's got a temperature (or fever).
What's wrong?
He's got a headache.
What's the matter?
His knee hurts. / His knee is painful.
What's the problem?
He's got a runny nose.
What's the matter?
Her ankle hurts. / Her ankle is painful.
What's the matter?
She's got a toothache.
What's the matter?
He's cut his thumb.
What's the matter?
She's got a cold.
What's wrong? (Me)
My foot hurts. / My foot is painful.