The idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country.
What was Rome's status after the third Punic war? (3 things they achieved)
Carthage was destroyed, all Greece fell under Roman rule and it acquired its first province in Asia.
What happened in the battle of Zama?
Roman forces led by Scipio captured Spain and attacked the city of Carthage forcing Hannibal to return to defend his people where Scipio's troops won.
What roles did consuls perform and what was the veto?
Consuls were administrators and army leaders, the veto was the power each consul had to reject other's decision.
Mention three factors about Italy's location that have attracted people for many years.
The connection of three continents, the little difficulty goods were moved through this territory, the ideas weather and land conditions for farming.
What was the council of plebs and how did it work?
Plebeians' group of representatives, they elected officials called tribunes who voiced plebeian problems to the government.
Name 3 conditions that were leading to poverty among plebeians and farmers?
Many farmers lost their fields fighting in Roman wars, small farmers could not compete with latifundia, landowners had slaves working for free.
What was the purpose of legion's standard?
To show soldiers where they were supposed to be in the battlefield.
What key advantage did Carthage have in the beginning of the first Punic war?
A strong navy to protect its trading empire.
Why did Rome treat the conquered fairly?
So that they became loyal to Rome.
Who were part of Rome's first triumvirate?
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
Why were laws supposed to be written down according to plebeians?
Because they believed patrician judges were always going to favor upper classes. By being written they would consult them when making a legal decision.
What were a gladius and a pilum?
A gladius was short double-edged iron sword and a pilum was an iron spear designed to bend after it was thrown so others couldn't use it.
What did it mean to be a "Friend of Rome"?
It meant to make an alliance with Rome, paying taxes and supplying with soldiers for Roman wars, but they were free to manage their own local situations.
Why were Roman senators concerned about Julius Caesar?
Because he had the support and admiration of the poorer classes and they feared he would search for power as Sulla did.
What's the difference between patricians and plebeians?
Patricians were the ruling class made by Rome's oldest and most prominent families. Plebeians were artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms.
What were the two legends that tell about the founding of Rome?
The Aeneid and the brothers Romulus and Remus.
Why did Carthage and Rome rival each other for?
Each wanted control of the Mediterranean world.
How did Rome become a republic?
Tired of Etruscan rule Romans overthrew Tarquin the proud establishing a republic.
How did Rome make their soldiers loyal?
With training and a death punishment for deserters.
How did the Romans battle the Carthaginian navy?
They built a fleet with a small moveable bridge that allow them to board Carthaginian ships turning the conflict on a hand.to-hand fight.
What territories did each member of the first triumvirate keep?
Pompey led in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and Julius Ceasar kept Gaul where he fought the Celts and invaded Britain.
Mention 3 things the council of plebs achieved.
The veto of tribunes, plebeian consuls, marriages between patricians and plebeians, passing laws for all Romans.
Why did the first Punic war start?
When Rome sought control of the island of Sicily, since Carthaginians had already established colonies there they were determined to defend the Roman invasion.
What was a legion?
Large group of Roman soldiers.
What is a republic?
Form of government with a divided territory and where citizens elect their leaders.
What were the twelve tables?
Twelve bronze tablets where the Roman laws were carved to defend the idea that all free citizens had the right to be treated equally.
What influence did the Greeks have on Romans? (2 to win)
Farming villages, the alphabet, buildings, sculpture, and literature.
Give two examples of how the branches of the Roman government kept each other checked and well balanced.
Judges could help to run the government and the could also lead armies. Some government leaders could also help to make laws.
What sanction did Carthage face at the end of the first Punic war?
They were forced to give up Sicily and pay a huge fine to the Romans.
What was the second sanction imposed to Carthage?
Giving up its navy, paying Rome a large sum of money and give its Spanish territory to Rome.
What' the meaning of the policy of "bread and circuses" ?
That while poor people were offered cheap food and free entertainment they would not complain.
How was Hannibal's army composed by?
46,000 men and 37 elephants.
What was a military outpost and what was it used for?
Strategic locations built in a recently conquered territory to move troops and goods quickly..
Why and how did plebeians go on strike against Rome?
They grew frustrated they had to serve in the army and pay taxes but they had no power in the government. They refused to fight in the army leaving Rome.
How did general Marius make an army of loyal and professional soldiers?
He recruited soldiers form the landless poor and in return he paid their debts and promised them land.
What was the senate?
It was Rome's legislature, a group of 300 patrician men who served the Republic for life.
Mention two things plebeians couldn't do initially do to their social position.
They couldn't participate in the government, they couldn't lead public ceremonies and they couldn't marry patricians.
Explain the Roman Confederation and what it offered?
It was a system that gave conquered people the Roman citizenship, which meant they could vote and serve in the government.
What were the three branches of the Roman government?
One made laws, another dealt with government daily affairs, and the last one acted judges.
Who were the consuls and why were their terms short?
Consuls were two patricians who headed the government they served only for one year so they didn't become too powerful.
What's the idea of "the rule of law"?
It means that laws apply to everyone equally.
How was geography a key factor in the second Punic war?
The cold weather of the Alps and attacks of mountain tribes killed half of Hannibal's soldiers and most of the elephants.
Wha roles did the Senate have? (2 to win)
Early on, they only advised consuls, later they debated foreign policy, they proposed laws, and they approved the construction of road and temples.
What did Etruscans teach to Romans? (3 to win)
Building with bricks and roofing their homes with tiles, draining water from marshes, construction of temples, fashion, and the army model.
How did general Sulla change the government in an attempt to restore the "Old Republic"?
He reduced the power of the tribunes, he gave the senators more responsibilities, and he stepped down as dictator.
What was the Assembly of centuries and what roles did they perform?
It was another legislative body in Rome. It elected consuls and praetors and passed laws. It was also controlled by patricians.
Explain what a dictator did in the Roman republic.
He had complete control over Rome during a crisis until the crisis passed, then this person was expected to give up his power back to the government.
What happened in the battle of Cannae?
Hannibal defeated the Romans here. Then he raided the Roman country.
Who was Cincinnatus and what did he do?
A respected Roman consul who took over as dictator to defeat a powerful enemy of Rome, he led an army to battle achieving victory and resigned the power.
Explain how the second Punic war started.
Carthage wanted to make up for the loses caused by Rome they started to expand to Spain but the Romans didn't want them so close to them.
What happened to Rome after Marius and Sulla's changes?
Rome learned how powerful someone with an army could become to achieve its goals, however Rome sunk in conflict for 50 years.
Explain who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus and what they tried to achieve.
Two brothers who were government officials. They wanted to stop the wealthy from taking over small farms to create their latifundia. Both were murdered.
Who were praetors?
Major government officials that interpreted the law and served as judges in court, they could also lead armies.
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