True or False: Subduction happens when an oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate.
True.
Multiple choice: Which plate boundary is associated with oceanic ridges? A) Constructive B) Destructive C) Conservative
A) Constructive (Divergent).
Define drainage basin.
The total area of land where all surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth.
How do plate movements cause earthquakes? (brief)
Plates get "locked" together due to friction; when the built-up stress exceeds the friction, they slip suddenly, releasing energy as an earthquake.
Name two environmental impacts of open-pit mining.
Habitat destruction (clearing land) and chemical contamination of local water sources.
What is a watershed?
The highland or ridge that marks the outer boundary of a drainage basin, separating it from adjacent basins.
Define mining and give two reasons why societies mine.
Mining is the extraction of minerals from the Earth. Societies mine for energy resources (coal) and raw materials for technology and construction.
Mention three factors that affect soil formation.
Climate, Parent Material, and Time.
Explain two activities that generate soil erosion.
Deforestation (removing roots that anchor soil) and intensive farming/overgrazing (leaving soil exposed to wind and rain).
Explain three things people can do to manage soils.
Terracing (slowing water runoff), Crop Rotation (maintaining soil nutrients), and Afforestation (planting trees to act as windbreaks).
Short answer: What is river discharge?
The volume of water passing through a river channel at a specific point per unit of time (usually measured in $m^3/s$).
Where in karst do we find stalactites and stalagmites?
Inside underground caves or caverns.
What are the three main types of rock?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
True or False: A drainage basin always drains into the nearest sea. Explain briefly.
False. Some basins are "endorheic," meaning they drain into inland lakes or salt flats rather than the sea.
Name the main parts of a river system.
Source, tributary, confluence, main channel, floodplain, and mouth (or delta).
What happens at a convergent plate boundary? Give one example of a landform that can form there.
Two plates move toward each other. A common landform is a mountain range (like the Himalayas) or a volcanic island arc.
Name two methods communities use to manage volcanic impact.
Creating hazard maps/evacuation plans and building barriers or channels to redirect lava flows.
Describe how metamorphic rocks form. Give an example.
They form when existing rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure without melting, changing their structure. Example: Marble or Slate.
How can people predict an imminent volcanic eruption?
By monitoring increased seismic activity (small tremors), ground bulging, and changes in gas emissions (like sulfur dioxide).
Name the three types of plate boundaries.
Convergent, Divergent, and Transform.
What features are created at divergent plate boundaries?
Mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.
What is the best way to reduce the impact of an earthquake?
Implementing and enforcing strict seismic building codes and earthquake-resistant engineering.
Match: Limestone is... — (a) formed from cooled magma (b) formed from compressed sediments (c) altered by heat and pressure.
(b) formed from compressed sediments.
Explain how weathering and erosion help create sedimentary rocks.
Weathering breaks rocks into small fragments (sediment), and erosion transports these fragments to new locations where they settle in layers to eventually becom
How many horizons are there in the soil profile? Mention one component.
There are typically 5 main horizons (O, A, E, B, C). One component is humus (organic matter).
Explain why education and drills are important in reducing disaster risk.
They ensure people know how to react instantly and safely (e.g., "drop, Cover, and Hold on"), which reduces panic and saves lives.
Give one example of an igneous rock and say how it forms.
Basalt (or Granite). It forms when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies.
Describe one monitoring technique used for volcanoes and what it detects.
Tiltmeters detect tiny changes in the slope or angle of the ground, which indicates that magma is moving toward the surface.
What is mass movement? Explain in two sentences.
Mass movement is the downward movement of soil and rock fragments under the direct influence of gravity. It includes processes like landslides, mudflows, and ro
Give one example of an igneous rock and say how it forms.
They form from the accumulation, burial, and lithification (compacting and cementing) of mineral particles or organic matter. Example: Sandstone or Limestone.
Explain one social benefit and one social problem associated with mining in a region.
Social Benefit: Job creation and infrastructure development. Social Problem: Displacement of local communities or long-term health issues for workers.
Which rock type is most likely to contain fossils? Why?
Sedimentary. These rocks form at temperatures and pressures low enough to preserve organic remains rather than destroying them.
True or False: Granite is an igneous rock.
True
Which countries suffer the impact from earthquakes and volcanoes more?
Developing countries often suffer more due to a lack of financial resources for advanced warning systems and resilient infrastructure.
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